COVID-19: Role of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning During the Pandemic

Article ID: e040122191778 Pages: 11

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to a global health emergency. Emerging from China, it has now been declared as a pandemic. Owing to the fast pace at which it spreads, its control and prevention have now become the greatest challenge. The inner structural analysis of the virus is an important area of research for the invention of the potential drug. The countries are following different strategies and policies to fight against COVID-19; various schemes have also been employed to cope up with the economic crisis. While the government is struggling to balance between the public health sector and the economic collapse, the researchers and medicine practitioners are inclined towards obtaining treatment and early detection of the deadly disease. Further, the impact of COVID-19 on Dentistry is alarming and posing severe threats to the professionals as well. Now, the technology is helping the countries fight against the disease. ML and AI based applications are substantially aiding the process of detection and diagnosis of novel coronavirus. Science of Robotics is another approach followed with an aim to improve patient care.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), coronavirus, respiratory syndrome, pandemic, robotic.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Coronavirus: All you need to know in 500 words 2020.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/china-coronavirus-500- words-200127065154334.html Jun 12
[2]
Scher I. The first COVID-19 case originated on November 17, according to Chinese officials searching for 'Patient Zero’. Business Insider 2020.https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/the-first-covid-19-case-originated-on-november-17-according-to-chinese-officials-searching-for-patient-zero/articleshow/74616604.cms 3 Mar
[3]
Sullivan K. Coronavirus – the science: The search for ‘patient zero’. The Irish Times 2020.https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/coronavirus-the-science-the-search-for-patient-zero-1.4205024 Mar 17.
[4]
Steinmetz K. Coronavirus: A Glossary of Terms to Help You Understand the Unfolding Crisis 2020.https://time.com/5798684/coronavirus-glossary-definitions/ March 23.
[5]
CDC/Dr Murphy F- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library (PHIL)
[6]
Fehr A, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis, US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health, NCBI 2020.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4369385/
[7]
Kent C. Chest CTs of coronavirus patients reveal nature and extent of damage. VERDICT Medical Advices 2020.https://www.medicaldevice-network.com/news/coronavirus-ct-scans/ Mar 4.
[8]
Know the facts about coronavirus disease Centers of Disease Control and Prevention 2019.https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/share-facts.html Mar
[9]
Facts about COVID-1 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) 2020.https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus/facts Mar
[11]
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. World Health Organization 2020.https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1 Mar.
[12]
Duarte F. Who is 'patient zero' in the coronavirus outbreak? BBC News 2020.https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200221-coronavirus-the-harmful-hunt-for-covid-19s-patient-zero Feb 24.
[13]
Diflorio A. The search for Patient Zero of coronavirus — and why it's so important, Changing America. The Hill 2020.https://thehill.com/changing-america/485596-the-search-for-patient-zero-of-coronavirus-and-why-its-so-important 3 Mar
[14]
Chandler C. Coronavirus ‘Patient Zero’ May Have Started Pandemic In November or Earlier CNN News 2020.https://www.ccn.com/coronavirus-patient-zero-may-have-started-pandemic-in-november-or-earlier Mar 16.
[16]
Kandola A. Coronavirus cause: Origin and how it spreads. Medical News Today 2020.https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/coronavirus-causes Mar 17.
[17]
Beaumont P. Where did Covid-19 come from? What we know about its origins. The Guardian 2020.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/01/could-covid-19-be-manmade-what-we-know-about-origins-trump-chinese-lab-coronavirus May 1.
[18]
The COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin scientists say. Scripps Research 2020.https://www.scripps.edu/news-and-events/press-room/2020/20200317-andersen- covid-19-coronavirus.html
[19]
Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 2020; 26(4): 450-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9] [PMID: 32284615]
[21]
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation. World Health Organization 2020.https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
[22]
Reynolds M, Weiss S. How coronavirus started and what happens next, explained WIRED 2020.https://www.wired.co.uk/article/china-coronavirus Mar 27.
[23]
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report–68. World Health Organization 2019.who.int/docs/default- source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200328-sitrep-68- covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=384bc74c_2 Mar.
[24]
COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Worldometer 2020.https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ Mar 29.
[25]
Cyranoski D. Mystery deepens over animal source of coronavirus. Nature 2020.https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00548-w
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00548-w]
[26]
Boodman E. Researchers rush to test coronavirus vaccine in people without knowing how well it works in animals. STAT 2020.https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/11/researchers-rush- to-start-moderna-coronavirus-vaccine-trial-without-usual-animal-testing/ Mar 11.
[27]
Spinney L. Coronavirus vaccine: when will it be ready? The Guardian 2020.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/28/coronavirus-vaccine-when-will-it-be-ready Apr 6.
[28]
Mullin G. First Treatment Malaria drug hydroxychloroquine is first approved to treat coronavirus in the US. Digital Health Reporter 2020.https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/11211097/malaria-drug-first-approved-coronavirus-treatment/ Mar 19.
[29]
Novel coronavirus structure reveals targets for vaccines and treatments. National Institute of Health 2020.https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/novel-coronavirus-structure-reveals-targets-vaccines-treatments 3 Mar
[30]
Lovelace B. First human trial for coronavirus vaccine begins Monday in the US. CNBC 2020.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/16/first-human-trial-for-coronavirus-vaccine-begins- monday-in-the-us.html Mar 16.
[31]
Newey S, Gulland A. What is coronavirus, how did it start and how big could it get? The Telegraph 2020.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/29/what-coronavirus-pandemic- covid-19-virus-start/ Mar.
[32]
Victoria R, Gulland A. What is coronavirus, how did it start and how big could it get? The Telegraph 2020.https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/news/115300/cepi-calls-for-2bn-of- funding-for-coronavirus-vaccine/
[33]
Gallagher J. CEPI calls for $2bn of funding for coronavirus vaccine, European Pharmaceutical Review 2020.https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51665497 Mar 17.
[34]
Rettner R. Why are deaths from coronavirus so high in Italy? LIVESCIENCE 2020.https://www.livescience.com/why-italy-coronavirus-deaths-so-high.html Mar 27.
[35]
Yaron Y. Here’s why the coronavirus death rate is so high in Italy 2020.https://nypost.com/2020/03/12/heres-why-the-coronavirus-death-rate-is-so-high-in-italy/ Mar 12.
[36]
Dr. Graber. M R, Dr. Baldwin. A N. As the number of coronavirus cases rises, why is Italy being hit so hard? abc NEWS 2020.https://abcnews.go.com/Health/number-coronavirus-cases-rises-italy-hithard/story?id=69513697 Mar 11.
[37]
John Hopkins University and Medicine 2020.https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html May.
[38]
Khan S, Ali A, Siddique R, Nabi G. Novel coronavirus is putting the whole world on alert. National Library of Medicine 2020; 104(3) Mar.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.019]
[40]
Balasubramanian S. This Is How Various Countries Are Fighting Coronavirus. Forbes Insights 2020.https://www.forbes.com/sites/saibala/2020/03/18/an-updated-look-at-how-various- countries-are-fighting-coronavirus/#1b3055d07bc7 Mar 18.
[41]
Scher. I, Schermar I. Taiwan has only 47 coronavirus cases. Its response to the crisis shows that swift action and widespread healthcare can prevent an outbreak. Business Insider 2020.https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/taiwan-has-only-47-coronavirus-cases-its-response-to-the-crisis-shows-that-swift-action-and-widespread-healthcare-can-prevent-an-outbreak-/articleshow/74600192.cms Mar 12.
[42]
Hutt R. Here’s what countries are doing to slow the coronavirus outbreak. World Economic Forum 2020.https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/coronavirus-spread-virus-disease-countries-epidemic/ Feb 4.
[43]
Charlton E. This is how India is reacting to the coronavirus pandemic. World Economic Times 2020.https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/quarantine Mar
[44]
Gibney E. Whose coronavirus strategy worked best? Scientists hunt most effective policies. Nature 2020.https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01248-1 Apr 27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01248-1]
[46]
How does India’s Covid-19 package compare to spending by other countries?. Hindustan Times 2020.https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-does-india-s-covid-19-package- compare-to-spending-by-other-countries/story-tM8KHsVSE98iBvMdQN3JgI.html May 18.
[48]
Ellyatt H. ‘Whatever it takes’: UK pledges almost $400 billion to help businesses through coronavirus. CNBC 2020.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/17/uk-announces-massive-aid-package-for-coronavirus-hit-industries.html Mar 17.
[49]
Italy ups coronavirus stimulus spending to €750 billion - nearly half its GDP. Euronews 2020.https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/07/italy-ups-coronavirus-stimulus-spending-to-750- billion-nearly-half-its-gdp Apr 7.
[50]
Russia Announces $4 Billion Fund To Help Economy Cope With Oil Plunge. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Virus Impact 2020.https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-budget-coronavirus-aid/30489879.html Mar 16.
[51]
Wamsley L. Life During Coronavirus: What Different Countries Are Doing To Stop The Spread Npr 2020.https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/10/813794446/life-during- coronavirus-what-different-countries-are-doing-to-stop-the-spread Mar 10.
[52]
Coronavirus: What measures are countries taking to stop it? BBC News 2020.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51737226 Apr. 1
[53]
Health Management Org. Where Are the Most Effective Anti- COVID-19 Strategies? 2020.https://healthmanagement.org/c/hospital/news/where-are-the-most-effective-anti- covid-19-strategies Apr.
[54]
Hjelmgaard K. These countries are doing the best and worst jobs fighting coronavirus. USA TODAY 2020.https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/03/17/coronavirus-how-countries-across-globe-responding-covid-19/5065867002/ Mar.
[55]
Covid-19: Steps taken by RBI to help small businesses, farmers, says PM Modi Livemint 2020.https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/covid-19-steps-taken-by-rbi-to-help-small-businesses-farmers-says-pm-modi-11587134462228.html Apr.
[56]
The steps India has taken so far to contain economic fallout of Covid-19. The Economic Times 2020.https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/the-steps-india-has- taken-so-far-to-contain-economic-fallout-of-covid-19/articleshow/75285944.cms Apr 22.
[57]
The World Bank Group Moves Quickly to Help Countries Respond to COVID-19 The World Bank 2020.https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/04/02/the-world-bank- group-moves-quickly-to-help-countries-respond-to-covid-19 Apr 2.
[58]
Policy responses to COVID-19. International Monetary Fund 2020.https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19
[59]
Jha S. Coronavirus impact: IBA to seek relief package for financial institutions. Business Standard 2020.https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/coronavirus-impact-iba-to-seek-relief-package-for-financial-institutions-120031800064_1.html Mar 18.
[60]
COVID-19: Actions to Support the Economy and Financial System. Bank of Canada 2020.https://www.bankofcanada.ca/markets/market-operations-liquidity-provision/covid-19-actions-support-economy-financial-system/
[61]
Bank of England measures to respond to the economic shock from Covid-19. Bank of England 2020.https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/2020/march/boe-measures-to-respond-to-the-economic-shock-from-covid-19
[62]
Dhiman G. Spotted Hyena Optimizer: A Novel Bio-inspired based Metaheuristic Technique for Engineering Applications.Advances in Engineering Software. Elsevier. 2017; 114: pp. 44-70.. Jun.
[63]
Dhiman G, Kaur A. A Hybrid Algorithm Based on Particle Swarm and Spotted Hyena Optimizer for Global Optimization.Soft Computing for Problem Solving, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer. 2018; 805: pp. 599-615.. Dec 14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1592-3_47]
[64]
Dhiman G, Kumar V. Spotted Hyena Optimizer for Solving Complex and Non-linear Constrained Engineering ProblemsAdvances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer. 2018.
[65]
Singh P, Dhiman G. A hybrid fuzzy time series forecasting model based on granular computing and bio-inspired optimization approachesJournal of computational science. Elsevier. 2018; 27: pp. 370-385.. July
[66]
Yildirim G. Turkish firm makes vending machine for face masks 2020.https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkish-firm- makes-vending-machine-for-face-masks/1764916 Mar 13.
[67]
Dhiman G, Kumar V. Multi-objective Spotted Hyena Optimizer: A Multi-objective Optimization Algorithm for Engineering ProblemsKnowledge-Based Systems. Elsevier. 2018; 150: pp. 175-197.. Jun 15
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2018.06.001]
[68]
Dhiman G, Kumar V. Emperor penguin optimizer: A bio-inspired algorithm for engineering problems.Knowledge-Based Systems. Elsevier. 2018; 159: pp. 20-50.. Nov 1.
[69]
Dhiman G, Kumar V. Astrophysics inspired Multi-objective Approach for Automatic Clustering and Feature Selection in Real-life Environment. Modern Physics Letters B 2018. Nov. 32. 32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0217984918503852.]
[70]
Singh P. Dhiman G. A Fuzzy-LP Approach in Time Series Forecasting. International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence. 243-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69900-4_31]
[71]
Heilweil R. Coronavirus is the first big test for futuristic tech that can prevent pandemicsVOX 2020.https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/2/27/21156358/surveillance-tech-coronavirus-china-facial-recognition Feb 27.
[72]
Ackerman. E, Guizzo. E, Shi. F. How Robots Are Helping to Fight the Coronavirus Outbreak. IEEE Spectrum 2020.https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/robotics-hardware/robots-helping-to-fight-coronavirus-outbreak Jan 31.
[73]
Leslie K. Coronavirus care at one hospital got totally taken over by robot. CNET 2020.https://www.cnet.com/news/coronavirus-care-at-one-hospital-got-taken-over-by-robots/ Mar 14.
[74]
Weekes S. How 5G-powered robots are helping China fight coronavirus. Smart Cities World 2020.https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/how-5g-powered-robots-are-helping-china- fight-coronavirus-5154 Mar 26.
[75]
Hornyak T. What America can learn from China’s use of robots and telemedicine to combat the coronavirus. CNBC 2020.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/18/how-china-is-using-robots-and-telemedicine-to-combat-the-coronavirus.html Mar 18.
[76]
Hu M. China’s e-commerce giants deploy robots to deliver orders amid coronavirus outbreak. South China Morning Post 2020.https://www.scmp.com/tech/e-commerce/article/3051597/chinas-e-commerce-giants-deploy-robots-deliver-orders-amid Feb 21.
[77]
Computational predictions of protein structures associated with COVID-19. Deepmind 2020.https://deepmind.com/research/open-source/computational-predictions-of-protein-structures-associated-with-COVID-19 Apr 8.
[78]
Vaishya R, Javaid M, Ibrahim K, et al. Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications for COVID-19 pandemic.Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. Elsevier. 2020; 14: pp. (4)337-339..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.012]
[79]
Naudé W. Artificial Intelligence against COVID-19: An Early Review. Towards Data Science 2020. Apr 1.
[80]
[81]
Junwei Y, Reuter T. 3 ways China is using drones to fight coronavirus. World Economic Forum 2020.https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/three-ways-china-is-using-drones-to- fight-coronavirus/ Mar 16.
[82]
Wood C. Spain’s police are flying drones with speakers around public places to warn citizens on coronavirus lockdown to get inside. Business Insider 2020.https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/spains-police-are-flying-drones-with-speakers-around-public-places-to-warn-citizens-on-coronavirus-lockdown-to-get-nside/articleshow/74656745.cms Mar 16.
[83]
Lee J, Frandino N. Self-driving vehicles get in on the delivery scene amid COVID-19. Technology News 2020.https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-self-driving-delivery/self-driving-vehicles-get-in-on-the-delivery-scene-amid- covid-19-idINKBN22B2NE Apr 29.
[84]
Heilweil R. How AI is battling the coronavirus outbreak. VOX 2020.https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/1/28/21110902/artificial-intelligence-ai-coronavirus-wuhan Jan 28.
[85]
Mei X, Lee C, Yang Y. Artificial intelligence–enabled rapid diagnosis of patients with COVID-19. Nature Machine 2020.https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0931-3 May 19.
[86]
Online medical consultation platforms see huge rise in traffic during lockdown. The New Indian Express 2020.https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/13/online-medical-consultation-platforms-see-huge-rise-in-traffic-during-lockdown-2129618.html Apr 13.
[87]
Pirouz B, Haghshenas S, Piro P. Investigating a serious challenge in the sustainable development process: analysis of confirmed cases of COVID-19 (new type of coronavirus) through a binary classification using artificial intelligence and regression analysis Sustainability. MDPI 2020; 12(6): 2427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062427]
[88]
Ozturk T, Talo M, Yildirim A, et al. Automated detection of COVID-19 cases using deep neural networks with X-ray images. Elsevier Public Health Emergency Collection 2020.
[89]
Jane W. Coronavirus: AI steps up in battle against Covid-19, BBC NEWS 2020.https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52120747 Apr.
[90]
Dhiman G, Kaur A. STOA: A Bio-inspired based Optimization Algorithm for Industrial Engineering ProblemsEngineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Elsevier. 2019; 82: pp. 148-174.. Jun
[91]
Kaur A, Kaur S, Dhiman GA. Quantum Method for Dynamic Non-linear Programming Technique using Schrodinger Equation and Monte Carlo Approach. Mod Phys Lett B 2020; (32):
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0217984918503748]
[92]
Dhiman G. Spotted Hyena Optimizer for Solving Engineering Design Problems. International Conference on Machine learning and Data Science (MLDS). Dec
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MLDS.2017.5]
[93]
Dhiman G, Kumar V. Seagull Optimization Algorithm: Theory and its Applications for Large-Scale Industrial Engineering ProblemsKnowledge-Based Systems. Elsevier. 2019; 165: pp. 169-196.. Feb 1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2018.11.024]
[94]
Chandrawat RK, Kumar R, Garg B P, et al. An Analysis of Modeling and Optimization Production Cost Through Fuzzy Linear Programming Problem with Symmetric and Right Angle Triangular Fuzzy Number.Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Soft Computing for Problem Solving Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. 546.: 197-211.. Feb 24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3322-3_18]
[95]
Dhiman G, Kumar V. KnRVEA: A hybrid evolutionary algorithm based on knee points and reference vector adaptation strategies for many-objective optimization.Applied Intelligence. Springer. 2019; 49: pp. 2434-2460.. Jan 19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10489-018-1365-1]
[96]
Rao A, Vazquez J. Identification of covid-19 can be quicker through artificial intelligence framework using a mobile phone-based survey in the populations when cities/towns are under quarantine. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 1-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.61]
[97]
Bari A. We designed an experimental AI tool to predict which COVID-19 patients are going to get the sickest. The Conversation 2020.https://theconversation.com/we-designed-an-experimental-ai-tool-to-predict-which-covid-19-patients-are-going-to-get-the-sickest-136125
[98]
Shi F, Wang J, Shi J, et al. Review of artificial intelligence techniques in imaging data acquisition. Segmentation and diagnosis for COVID-19. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/RBME.2020.2987975] [PMID: 32305937]
[99]
Rahman S, Uddin A, Anwar H, et al. A study on epidemiological characteristics and ML based detection of novel COVID-19 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34227.7888]
[100]
Bai HX, Hsieh B, Xiong Z, et al. Performance of radiologists in differentiating COVID-19 from viral pneumonia on chest CT. Radiology 2020; 296(2): E46-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200823] [PMID: 32155105]
[101]
Ucar F, Korkmaz D. COVIDiagnosis-Net: Deep bayes-squeezeNet based diagnosis of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from X-ray images.Medical Hypothesis. Elsevier. 2020; 140: p. 1097612..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109761]
[102]
Farooq M. Hafeez A COVID-ResNet: A deep learning framework for screening of COVID19 from radiographs. Electrical Engineering and Systems Science 2020.
[103]
Singh D, Kumar V, Vaishali. Kaur M. Classification of COVID-19 patients from chest CT images using multi-objective differential evolution–based convolutional neural networks.European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. Springer 2020.
[104]
Wei Z, Xingzhi Z, Zheng X, et al. Severity Assessment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Using Quantitative Features from Chest CT Images. Electrical Engineering and Systems Science Cornell University 2019.https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/04/23/1000410/ai-triage-covid-19-patients-health-care/
[105]
Hammoudi K, Benhabiles H, Melkemi M, et al. Deep Learning on Chest X-ray Images to Detect and Evaluate Pneumonia Cases at the Era of COVID-19. Electrical engineering and system science. 1-6.. April
[106]
Jervis S. Nanobots, humanoids & mixed reality: the future of healthcare? Healthcare Transformers 2019.https://healthcaretransformers.com/healthcare-business/nanobots-humanoids-mixed-reality-future/
[107]
Technical Committee for Humanoid Robotics Robotics and Automation Society 2020.https://www.ieee-ras.org/humanoid-robotics
[108]
Locsin R, Hirokazu L, Tetsuya I, et al. Humanoid Nurse Robots as Caring Entities: A Revolutionary Probability? International Journal of Studies in Nursing 2020; 3(2)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ijsn.v3i2.456]
[109]
Andrew S. The world’s fastest supercomputer identified chemicals that could stop coronavirus from spreading, a crucial step toward a treatment. CNN 2020.https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/19/us/fastest-supercomputer-coronavirus-scn-rnd/index.html March
[110]
Vena D. IBM Supercomputer Is Leading the Fight Against Coronavirus. The Motley Fool 2020.https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/03/20/ibm-supercomputer-is-leading-the-fight-against-cor.aspx Mar 20.
[111]
Walker A. Coronavirus: The economic cost is rising in China and beyond. Service Economics. BBC News 2020.https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51386575 Feb 6.
[112]
Inman P. Coronavirus 'could cost global economy $1.1tn in lost income. The Guardian 2020.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/19/coronavirus-could-cost-global-economy-1tn-in-lost-output Feb 19.
[113]
Bivens J. Coronavirus shock will likely claim 3 million jobs by summer Policy is needed now to curb further losses. Economic policy Institute 2020.https://www.epi.org/blog/coronavirus-shock-will-likely-claim-3-million-jobs-by-summer/ Mar 17.
[114]
Stewart E. The coronavirus recession is already here, We’re sacrificing parts of our economy for the sake of public health. VOX 2020.https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/3/21/21188541/coronavirus-news-recession-economy-unemployment-stock-market-jobs-gdp Mar 26.
[115]
Sharma R. This Is How the Coronavirus Will Destroy the Economy. The New York Times 2020.https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/16/opinion/coronavirus-economy-debt.html Mar 16.
[116]
Phelan A L, Katz R, Gostin L O. The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan. China: challenges for global health governance 2020. Jan 30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1097.]
[117]
Li RW, Leung KW, Sun FC, Samaranayake LP. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the GDP. Part II: implications for GDPs. Br Dent J 2004; 197(3): 130-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4811522] [PMID: 15311240]
[118]
Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance. World Health Organization 2019.https://www.who.int/ publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected
[119]
Samaranayake L P, Peiris M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome and dentistry: a retrospective view. J Am Dent Assoc 2004; 135(9.): 1292-1302..
[120]
Kohn WG, Collins A S, Cleveland J L, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for infection control in dental health-care settings 2003.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5217a1.htm