Abstract

Background: Dysregulated angiogenesis resulting in neovascularization is a critical event in the expansion and progression of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), hematopoietic cancer. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor- A (VEGFA), an important angiogenesis mediator, has been a target for treating cancer. Although several anti-VEGFA drugs are available, they are associated with adverse side effects, promoting the need to identify better drugs that may be less toxic.

Objective: Our aim was to investigate whether Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) could be repurposed for use as VEGFA inhibitors via in silico docking software. We also investigated the potential of phytochemicals as VEGFA inhibitors.

Methods: We performed molecular docking using Schrödinger Maestro software suite 2014-3 to determine the most potent phytochemical and TKI VEGFA antagonists.

Results: Among the TKIs investigated, Bosutinib had the best binding affinity and may be the most potent TKI against VEGFA. The order of binding affinities for the top ten docked ligands was: Ginsenoside Rg3> Bosutinib> Vitamin D> Paclitaxel> Dasatinib> Saponins> Ponatinib> Squalamine> Imatinib> Nilotinib. We found that Ginsenoside Rg3 had the highest binding affinity (MMGBSA score= -99.4 kcal/mol, glide Gscore = -9.16 kcal/mol) to VEGFA.

Conclusion: Our study has shown for the first time the binding poses of these TKIs and phytochemicals to VEGFA, using computational methods. We propose that the use of the top scoring ligands, in isolation or a combination of phytochemicals plus TKI, could serve as potent angiogenesis inhibitors via their binding to and inhibiting VEGFA expression to prevent CML progression. We have also profiled the ligand binding residues, which may be explored in designing pharmacophores.

Keywords: Angiogenesis, VEGFA expression, chronic myeloid leukemia, natural anti-VEGFA inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, stem cell.

Graphical Abstract