Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets

Author(s): Mohammed Ajebli, Ayoub Amssayef and Mohamed Eddouks*

DOI: 10.2174/1871529X20666200827113029

Antihyperglycemic Activity and Safety Assessment of the Aqueous Extract of Aerial Parts of Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa in Rat

Page: [305 - 316] Pages: 12

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Scorzonera undulata.

Background: Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa, locally known as “Guiz”, is used as a phytomedicine in Morocco and Algeria to treat different health problems. Interestingly, it is used in the Moroccan pharmacopeia to treat diabetes. To our knowledge, this medicinal herb has never been investigated for any pharmacological activity.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of the aqueous extract of the aerial part of Scorzonera undulata (SUAP) in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats and to assess the acute toxicity of this extract in Wistar rats.

Methods: This study investigated the effects of SUAP at a dose of 20 mg/kg on blood glucose levels in normal and streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The acute toxicity of SUAP was examined according to the OECD test guideline; rats were divided into four groups of each sex and orally received the SUAP (1000, 2000, or 3000 mg/kg BW). Post-treatment, body weight, signs of toxicity, and/or mortality were observed during 14 days. Other assays such as histopathological examination, preliminary phytochemical investigation, determination of glycogen content and evaluation of α-amylase were performed according to standard protocols.

Results: The findings of the current study depicted that both single and repeated oral administration of SUAP (20 mg/kg) generated a significant fall in the blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. A single oral administration of SUAP (at the highest dose of 3000 mg/kg BW) had no significant acute toxicological effects, and oral LD50 of SUAP was greater than 3000 mg/kg. Furthermore, repeated oral administration of SUAP during 15 days led to an increase in the liver glycogen content in diabetic rats to improve the histopathological structure of the liver and pancreas in SUAPtreated diabetic rats and to ameliorate some biochemical parameters such as ALT and creatinine. SUAP had no effect on α-amylase activity. In addition, the preliminary phytochemical investigation showed the richness of the roots of SUAP in some phytochemicals, particularly the polyphenols.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrates the antihyperglycemic effect of Scorzonera undulata in diabetic rats which could be involved through the improvement of liver structure and function. In addition, the dose used is not toxic. Finally, the extract contains large amounts of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols.

Keywords: Scorzonera undulata, antihyperglycemic, diabetes, toxicity, α-amylase, glycogen.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Chauhan, A.; Sharma, P.; Srivastava, P.; Kumar, N.; Dudhe, R.J.D.P.L. Plants having potential antidiabetic activity: A review. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2010, 2, 369-387.
[2]
Xu, G.K.; Qin, X.Y.; Wang, G.K.; Xie, G.Y.; Li, X.S.; Sun, C.Y.; Liu, B.L.; Qin, M.J. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of standard ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves in high-fat-diet- and streptozotocin-induced Type 2 diabetic rats. Chin. J. Nat. Med., 2017, 15(3), 168-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(17)30033-X] [PMID: 28411685]
[3]
Federation, I.D. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7th ed; IDF, 2015.
[4]
Klein, S.; Sheard, N.F.; Pi-Sunyer, X.; Daly, A.; Wylie-Rosett, J.; Kulkarni, K.; Clark, N.G. American Diabetes Association; North American Association for the Study of Obesity; American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: Rationale and strategies. A statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2004, 80(2), 257-263.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.2.257] [PMID: 15277143]
[5]
Baradaran, A.; Madihi, Y.; Merrikhi, A.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M.; Nasri, H. Serum lipoprotein (a) in diabetic patients with various renal function not yet on dialysis. Pak. J. Med. Sci., 2013, 29, 354-357.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.291(Suppl).3533]
[6]
Desai, C. Meyler’s side effects of drugs: The international encyclopedia of adverse drug reactions and interactions. Indian J. Pharmacol., 2016, 48, 224-224.
[7]
Kar, A.; Choudhary, B.K.; Bandyopadhyay, N.G. Comparative evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of some Indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2003, 84(1), 105-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00144-7] [PMID: 12499084]
[8]
Gurjar, H.P.; Irchhaiya, R.; Vermas, A.J.J.o.D.D. Review on some medicinal plants with antidiabetic activity. J. Drug Deliv. Ther., 2016, 6, 45-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v6i2.1199]
[9]
Kayarohanam, S.; Kavimani, S.J. Current trends of plants having antidiabetic activity: A review. J. Bioanal. Biomed., 2015, 7, 55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1948-593X.1000124]
[10]
Marles, R.J.; Farnsworth, N.R. Antidiabetic plants and their active constituents. Phytomedicine, 1995, 2(2), 137-189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80059-0] [PMID: 23196156]
[11]
Rebbas, K.; Bounar, R.; Gharzouli, R.; Ramdani, M.; Djellouli, Y.; Alatou, D. Plantes d’intérêt médicinale et écologique dans la région d’Ouanougha (M’sila, Algérie). Phytotherapie, 2012, 10, 131-142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10298-012-0701-6]
[12]
Beniston, N.T.; Beniston, W.S. Fleurs d’Algérie. Entreprise Nationale du Livre, cop; Alger, 1984.
[13]
Barkaoui, M.; Katiri, A.; Boubaker, H.; Msanda, F. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of diabetes in Chtouka Ait Baha and Tiznit (Western Anti-Atlas), Morocco. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2017, 198, 338-350.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.023] [PMID: 28109915]
[14]
Coşkunçelebi, K.; Makbul, S.; Gultep, M.; Okur, S. A conspectus of Scorzonera sl in Turkey. Turk. J. Bot., 2015, 39, 76-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/bot-1401-10]
[15]
Ajebli, M.; Eddouks, M. The promising role of plant tannins as bioactive antidiabetic agents. Curr. Med. Chem., 2019, 26(25), 4852-4884.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180605124256] [PMID: 29874989]
[16]
Ajebli, M.; Eddouks, M. Flavonoid-Enriched extract from desert plant Warionia saharae improves glucose and cholesterol levels in diabetic rats. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem., 2019, 17(1), 28-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871525717666190121143934] [PMID: 30666919]
[17]
Srivastava, L.M.; Das, N.; Sinha, S. Essentials of practical biochemistry; CBS Publishers: New Delhi, 2002.
[18]
Schumann, G.; Klauke, R. New IFCC reference procedures for the determination of catalytic activity concentrations of five enzymes in serum: Preliminary upper reference limits obtained in hospitalized subjects. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2003, 327(1-2), 69-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00341-8] [PMID: 12482620]
[19]
Morris, S.J.S. The estimation of glycogen with anthrone reagent. Nature, 1948, 107, 254.
[20]
Ajebli, M.; El Ouady, F.; Eddouks, M. Study of Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Activities of Tannins Extracted from Warionia saharae Benth. & Coss. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets, 2019, 19(2), 189-198.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530318666181029160539] [PMID: 30370866]
[21]
Gordon, K. The OECD Guidelines and OtherCorporate Responsibility Instruments: A Comparison OECD Working Papers on International Investment,2001/05, OECD Publishing, 2001.
[22]
Evans, W.C. Trease and evans’ pharmacognosy E-book; Elsevier Health Sciences: London, 2009.
[23]
Farnsworth, N.R.J. Biological and phytochemical screening of plants. J. Pharm. Sci., 1966, 55(3), 225-276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600550302] [PMID: 5335471]
[24]
Khandalwal, K.; Sethi, V.J.N.P. Practical Pharmacognosy Techniques and Experiments 1999, 146-148.
[25]
Klyne, W. Wiley; New Ed edition, London, 1957. The chemistry of the steroids.Monographs on Biochemical Subjects Methuen;
[26]
Stahl, E.; Dumont, E. Drug analysis by chromatography and microscopy 1973.
[27]
Wall, M.E.; Wani, M.C.; Brown, D.M.; Fullas, F.; Olwald, J.B.; Josephson, F.F.; Thornton, N.M.; Pezzuto, J.M.; Beecher, C.W.; Farnsworth, N.R.; Cordell, G.A.; Kinghorn, A.D. Effect of tannins on screening of plant extracts for enzyme inhibitory activity and techniques for their removal. Phytomedicine, 1996, 3(3), 281-285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(96)80067-5] [PMID: 23195084]
[28]
Makkar, H.P. Quantification of tannins in tree and shrub foliage: A laboratory manual; Springer Science & Business Media, 2003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0273-7]
[29]
Zhishen, J.; Mengcheng, T.; Jianming, W.J.F.c. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem., 1999, 64, 555-559.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2]
[30]
Broadhurst, R.B.; Jones, W.T.J. Analysis of condensed tannins using acidified vanillin. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1978, 29, 788-794.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740290908]
[31]
Tripathy, B.; Chandalia, H.B.; Das, A.K. RSSDI textbook of diabetes mellitus; JP Medical Ltd.: India, 2012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11487]
[32]
Shahjahan, M.; Sabitha, K.E.; Jainu, M.; Shyamala Devi, C.S. Effect of Solanum trilobatum against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Indian J. Med. Res., 2004, 120(3), 194-198.
[PMID: 15489557]
[33]
Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Brandt, L.J. Sleisenger and Fordtran’s gastrointestinal and liver disease E-book: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management; Elsevier Health Sciences: London, 2015.
[34]
Eidi, A.; Eidi, M.; Esmaeili, E. Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine, 2006, 13(9-10), 624-629.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2005.09.010] [PMID: 17085291]
[35]
Oliveira, G.O.; Braga, C.P.; Fernandes, A.A.H. Improvement of biochemical parameters in type 1 diabetic rats after the roots aqueous extract of yacon [Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.& Endl.)] treatment. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2013, 59, 256-260.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.050] [PMID: 23770327]
[36]
Burtis, C. Tietz Fundamentos da Química Clínica; Elsevier Health Sciences: Rio de Janeiro, 2011.
[37]
Anonymous, Glycogen 2019. Available from: https://www.diabetes.co.uk/body/glycogen.html
[38]
Kondeti, V.K.; Badri, K.R.; Maddirala, D.R.; Thur, S.K.M.; Fatima, S.S.; Kasetti, R.B.; Rao, C.A. Effect of Pterocarpus santalinus bark, on blood glucose, serum lipids, plasma insulin and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2010, 48(5), 1281-1287.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.02.023] [PMID: 20178824]
[39]
Salih, N.D.; Kumar, G.H.; Noah, R.M.; Muslih, R.K. The effect of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus on liver activity in mice. Glob J Adv Pure Appl Sci., 2014, 3, 67-75.
[40]
Moller, D.E. New drug targets for type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Nature, 2001, 414(6865), 821-827.
[41]
Chakravarthy, B.; Saroj, G.; Gambhir, S.; Gode, K.J. Pancreatic beta cell regeneration–a novel antidiabetic mechanism of Pterocarpus marsupium roxb. Indian J. Pharmacol., 1980, 12, 123.
[42]
Ajebli, M.; Eddouks, M. Effect of aglycon and glycoside flavonoid-enriched extracts obtained from Buxus sempervirens L. on glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem., 2020, 18(1), 55-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871525718666200109102241] [PMID: 31916521]