Generic placeholder image

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

Author(s): Kaijun Li*, Chao Ma, Haoyu Li, Sooranna Dev, JianFeng He and Xiaosheng Qu*

DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191114104718

DownloadDownload PDF Flyer Cite As
Medicinal Value and Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino and Its Derivatives: An Overview

Page: [2855 - 2867] Pages: 13

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Explore Articles
About Journal
For Authors
For Editors
For Reviewers

Abstract

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (GpM) and its derivatives, especially gypenosides (Gyps), are widely used as safe and convenient natural herbal drugs for the treatment of many diseases for a long time, and Gyps have different oral bioavailability (OB) values and low ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The effects of GpM and isolates on fibrosis, inflammation, oxidation, proliferation and migration are proved. GpM shows bidirectional regulation effect on proliferation, oxidation and apoptosis in tumor and non-tumor cells. GpM and its extractions can resist proliferation, activate oxidation and apoptosis in tumor cells and have opposite effects on non-tumor cells. We succinctly present some current views of medicinal value and potential therapeutic mechanisms of GpM and its derivatives.

Keywords: Gynostemma, Herbals, Etiology, Pharmacological action, Molecular mechanisms, Fibrosis.

[1]
Shi, L.; Lu, F.; Zhao, H.; Zhao, Y.Q. Two new triterpene saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 2012, 14(9), 856-861.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2012.700925] [PMID: 22924674]
[2]
Xing, S.F.; Jang, M.; Wang, Y.R.; Piao, X.L. A new dammarane-type saponin from Gynostemma pentaphyllum induces apoptosis in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2016, 26(7), 1754-1759.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.046] [PMID: 26922140]
[3]
Razmovski-Naumovski, V.; Huang, H.W.; Tran, V.H.; Li, G.Q.; Duke, C.C.; Roufogalis, B.D. Chemistry and pharmacology of gynostemma pentaphyllum. Phytochem. Rev., 2005, 4, 197-219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-005-3754-4]
[4]
Niu, Y.; Yan, W.; Lv, J.; Yao, W.; Yu, L.L. Characterization of a novel polysaccharide from tetraploid gynostemma pentaphyllum makino. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2013, 61(20), 4882-4889.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf400236x] [PMID: 23627413]
[5]
Aktan, F.; Henness, S.; Roufogalis, B.D.; Ammit, A.J. Gypenosides derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum suppress NO synthesis in murine macrophages by inhibiting iNOS enzymatic activity and attenuating NF-kappaB-mediated iNOS protein expression. Nitric Oxide, 2003, 8(4), 235-242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1089-8603(03)00032-6] [PMID: 12895433]
[6]
Tian, H.; Liu, L.; Li, Z.; Liu, W.; Sun, Z.; Xu, Y.; Wang, S.; Liang, C.; Hai, Y.; Feng, Q.; Zhao, Y.; Hu, Y.; Peng, J. Chinese medicine CGA formula ameliorates liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride involving inhibition of hepatic apoptosis in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2019, 232, 227-235.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.027] [PMID: 30471378]
[7]
Song, Y.N.; Dong, S.; Wei, B.; Liu, P.; Zhang, Y.Y.; Su, S.B. Metabolomic mechanisms of gypenoside against liver fibrosis in rats: An integrative analysis of proteomics and metabolomics data. PLoS One, 2017, 12(3)e0173598
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173598] [PMID: 28291813]
[8]
Chen, J.; Li, X.; Hu, Y.; Liu, W.; Zhou, Q.; Zhang, H.; Mu, Y.; Liu, P. Gypenosides ameliorate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting the differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells into myofibroblasts. Am. J. Chin. Med., 2017, 45(5), 1061-1074.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X17500574] [PMID: 28659031]
[9]
Wang, X.; Yang, L.; Yang, L.; Xing, F.; Yang, H.; Qin, L.; Lan, Y.; Wu, H.; Zhang, B.; Shi, H.; Lu, C.; Huang, F.; Wu, X.; Wang, Z. Gypenoside IX suppresses p38 MAPK/Akt/NFκB signaling pathway activation and inflammatory responses in astrocytes stimulated by proinflammatory mediators. Inflammation, 2017, 40(6), 2137-2150.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-017-0654-x] [PMID: 28822019]
[10]
Ye, Q.; Zhu, Y.I.; Ye, S.; Liu, H.; She, X.; Niu, Y.; Ming, Y. Gypenoside attenuates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by inhibition of ERK signaling. Exp. Ther. Med., 2016, 11(4), 1499-1505.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3034] [PMID: 27073472]
[11]
Yang, F.; Shi, H.; Zhang, X.; Yang, H.; Zhou, Q.; Yu, L.L. Two new saponins from tetraploid jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum), and their anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Food Chem., 2013, 141(4), 3606-3613.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.015] [PMID: 23993527]
[12]
Dong, S.Q.; Zhang, Q.P.; Zhu, J.X.; Chen, M.; Li, C.F.; Liu, Q.; Geng, D.; Yi, L.T. Gypenosides reverses depressive behavior via inhibiting hippocampal neuroinflammation. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2018, 106, 1153-1160.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.040] [PMID: 30119182]
[13]
Shang, X.; Chao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Lu, C.; Xu, C.; Niu, W. Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Effects of Polysaccharides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino in Immunosuppressed Mice. Molecules, 2016, 21(8)E1085
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21081085] [PMID: 27548135]
[14]
Quan, Y.; Yang, Y.; Wang, H.; Shu, B.; Gong, Q.H.; Qian, M. Gypenosides attenuate cholesterol-induced DNA damage by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mol. Med. Rep., 2015, 11(4), 2845-2851.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2014.3095] [PMID: 25515035]
[15]
Li, L.; Jiao, L.; Lau, B.H. Protective effect of gypenosides against oxidative stress in phagocytes, vascular endothelial cells and liver microsomes. Cancer Biother., 1993, 8(3), 263-272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cbr.1993.8.263] [PMID: 7804367]
[16]
Ma, J.; Hu, X.; Liao, C.; Xiao, H.; Zhu, Q.; Li, Y.; Liu, Z.; Tao, A.; He, Z.; Xu, C.; Zheng, K.; Gypenoside, L. Inhibits Proliferation of Liver and Esophageal Cancer Cells by Inducing Senescence. Molecules, 2019, 24(6)E1054
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061054] [PMID: 30889805]
[17]
Piao, X.L.; Wu, Q.; Yang, J.; Park, S.Y.; Chen, D.J.; Liu, H.M. Dammarane-type saponins from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum show fortified activity against A549 cells. Arch. Pharm. Res., 2013, 36(7), 874-879.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-013-0086-6] [PMID: 23508742]
[18]
Yan, H.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, P.; Xiao, Y. Antiproliferation and anti-migration induced by gypenosides in human colon cancer SW620 and esophageal cancer Eca-109 cells. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2014, 33(5), 522-533.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327113497771] [PMID: 23900306]
[19]
Liu, J.; Zhang, L.; Ren, Y.; Gao, Y.; Kang, L.; Qiao, Q. Anticancer and immunoregulatory activity of Gynostemma pentaphyllum polysaccharides in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2014, 69, 1-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.014] [PMID: 24832985]
[20]
Li, Y.; Lin, W.; Huang, J.; Xie, Y.; Ma, W. Anti-cancer effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (Jiaogulan). Chin. Med., 2016, 11, 43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13020-016-0114-9] [PMID: 27708693]
[21]
Nagai, M.; Izawa, K.; Nagumo, S.; Sakurai, N.; Inoue, T. Two glycosides of a novel dammarane alcohol from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 1981, 29, 779-783.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.29.779]
[22]
Shi, L; Song, D.P.; Pan, M.J.; Liu, D.B. Research advances on the saponins of Gynostemma pentaphyllum., 2011.
[23]
Xu, X.; Zhang, W.; Huang, C.; Li, Y.; Yu, H.; Wang, Y.; Duan, J.; Ling, Y. A novel chemometric method for the prediction of human oral bioavailability. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2012, 13(6), 6964-6982.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms13066964] [PMID: 22837674]
[24]
Ru, J.; Li, P.; Wang, J.; Zhou, W.; Li, B.; Huang, C.; Li, P.; Guo, Z.; Tao, W.; Yang, Y.; Xu, X.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y.; Yang, L. TCMSP: a database of systems pharmacology for drug discovery from herbal medicines. J. Cheminform., 2014, 6, 13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-6-13] [PMID: 24735618]
[25]
Tao, W.; Xu, X.; Wang, X.; Li, B.; Wang, Y.; Li, Y.; Yang, L. Network pharmacology-based prediction of the active ingredients and potential targets of Chinese herbal Radix Curcumae formula for application to cardiovascular disease. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2013, 145(1), 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.051] [PMID: 23142198]
[26]
Shen, M.; Tian, S.; Li, Y.; Li, Q.; Xu, X.; Wang, J.; Hou, T. Drug-likeness analysis of traditional Chinese medicines: 1. property distributions of drug-like compounds, non-drug-like compounds and natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicines. J. Cheminform., 2012, 4(1), 31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-4-31] [PMID: 23181938]
[27]
Tattersall, M.H.; Sodergren, J.E.; Dengupta, S.K.; Trites, D.H.; Modest, E.J.; Frei, E. III Pharmacokinetics of actinoymcin D in patients with malignant melanoma. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1975, 17(6), 701-708.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt1975176701] [PMID: 1139861]
[28]
Friedman, S.L.; Sheppard, D.; Duffield, J.S.; Violette, S. Therapy for fibrotic diseases: nearing the starting line. Sci. Transl. Med., 2013, 5(167)167sr1
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3004700] [PMID: 23303606]
[29]
Friedman, S.L. Mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis. Gastroenterology, 2008, 134(6), 1655-1669.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.003] [PMID: 18471545]
[30]
Chen, J.C.; Tsai, C.C.; Chen, L.D.; Chen, H.H.; Wang, W.C. Therapeutic effect of gypenoside on chronic liver injury and fibrosis induced by CCl4 in rats. Am. J. Chin. Med., 2000, 28(2), 175-185.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X00000222] [PMID: 10999436]
[31]
Feng, Q.; Li, X.; Peng, J.; Duan, X.; Fu, Q.; Hu, Y. [Effect of gypenosides on DMN-induced liver fibrosis in rats Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi, 2012, 37(4), 505-508.
[PMID: 22667153]
[32]
Li, X.M.; Peng, J.H.; Sun, Z.L.; Tian, H.J.; Duan, X.H.; Liu, L.; Ma, X.; Feng, Q.; Liu, P.; Hu, Y.Y. Chinese medicine CGA formula ameliorates DMN-induced liver fibrosis in rats via inhibiting MMP2/9, TIMP1/2 and the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2016, 37(6), 783-793.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/aps.2016.35] [PMID: 27133300]
[33]
Chen, J.; Zhang, X.; Xu, Y.; Li, X.; Ren, S.; Zhou, Y.; Duan, Y.; Zern, M.; Zhang, H.; Chen, G.; Liu, C.; Mu, Y.; Liu, P. Hepatic progenitor cells contribute to the progression of 2-acetylaminofluorene/carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis via the non-canonical wnt pathway. PLoS One, 2015, 10(6)e0130310
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130310] [PMID: 26087010]
[34]
Hong, M.; Cai, Z.; Song, L.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Q.; Feng, X. Gynostemma pentaphyllum attenuates the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice: a biomedical investigation integrated with in silico assay. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2018, 20188384631
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8384631]
[35]
Li, H.H.; Tyburski, J.B.; Wang, Y.W.; Strawn, S.; Moon, B.H.; Kallakury, B.V.; Gonzalez, F.J.; Fornace, A.J., Jr Modulation of fatty acid and bile acid metabolism by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α protects against alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 2014, 38(6), 1520-1531.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acer.12424] [PMID: 24773203]
[36]
Tilg, H.; Moschen, A.R. Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis. Hepatology, 2010, 52(5), 1836-1846.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.24001] [PMID: 21038418]
[37]
Bae, U.J.; Park, E.O.; Park, J.; Jung, S.J.; Ham, H.; Yu, K.W.; Park, Y.J.; Chae, S.W.; Park, B.H. Gypenoside UL4-rich gynostemma pentaphyllum extract exerts a hepatoprotective effect on diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am. J. Chin. Med., 2018, 46(6), 1315-1332.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X18500696] [PMID: 30180767]
[38]
Zhang, Y.; Zhang, J.E.; Xiao, H.Q.; Wu, P.Y.; Bai, S.J. Gypenosides inhibit renal fibrosis by regulating expression of related genes in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction. J. Nephrol., 2011, 24(1), 112-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/JN.2010.1944] [PMID: 20540031]
[39]
Takeuchi, O.; Akira, S. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell, 2010, 140(6), 805-820.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.022] [PMID: 20303872]
[40]
Wu, H.P. Lin, YK Effect of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, and Curcuma longa L. on Th1- and Th2-cytokine responses and human leukocyte antigen-DR expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of septic patients. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2018, 217, 195-204.
[41]
Ablasser, A.; Bauernfeind, F.; Hartmann, G.; Latz, E.; Fitzgerald, K.A.; Hornung, V. RIG-I-dependent sensing of poly(dA:dT) through the induction of an RNA polymerase III-transcribed RNA intermediate. Nat. Immunol., 2009, 10(10), 1065-1072.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.1779] [PMID: 19609254]
[42]
Huang, W.C.; Kuo, M.L.; Li, M.L.; Yang, R.C.; Liou, C.J.; Shen, J.J. Gynostemma pentaphyllum decreases allergic reactions in a murine asthmatic model. Am. J. Chin. Med., 2008, 36(3), 579-592.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X08005990] [PMID: 18543390]
[43]
Fonseca, F.A.H.; Izar, M.C.; Maugeri, I.M.L.; Berwanger, O.; Damiani, L.P.; Pinto, I.M.; Szarf, G.; França, C.N.; Bianco, H.T.; Moreira, F.T.; Caixeta, A.; Alves, C.M.R.; Soriano Lopes, A.; Klassen, A.; Tavares, M.F.M.; Fonseca, H.A.; Carvalho, A.C.C. Effects of four antiplatelet/statin combined strategies on immune and inflammatory responses in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing pharmacoinvasive strategy: Design and rationale of the B and T Types of Lymphocytes Evaluation in Acute Myocardial Infarction (BATTLE-AMI) study: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 2017, 18(1), 601.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-2361-1] [PMID: 29258572]
[44]
Xie, Z.; Huang, H.; Zhao, Y.; Shi, H.; Wang, S.; Wang, T.T.; Chen, P.; Yu, L.L. Chemical composition and anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of the leaf and whole-plant samples of diploid and tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino. Food Chem., 2012, 132(1), 125-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.043] [PMID: 26434271]
[45]
Shen, C-Y.; Yang, L.; Jiang, J-G.; Zheng, C-Y.; Zhu, W. Immune enhancement effects and extraction optimization of polysaccharides from Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. Food Funct., 2017, 8(2), 796-807.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6FO01545J] [PMID: 28121002]
[46]
Shen, C-Y.; Jiang, J-G.; Li, M-Q.; Zheng, C-Y.; Zhu, W. Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of novel polysaccharides from Citrus aurantium Linn. variant amara Engl. J. Funct. Foods, 2017, 35, 352-362.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.055]
[47]
Gauhar, R.; Hwang, S.L.; Jeong, S.S.; Kim, J.E.; Song, H.; Park, D.C.; Song, K.S.; Kim, T.Y.; Oh, W.K.; Huh, T.L. Heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract improves obesity in ob/ob mice by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Biotechnol. Lett., 2012, 34(9), 1607-1616.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-012-0944-1] [PMID: 22576281]
[48]
Gou, S.H.; Huang, H.F.; Chen, X.Y.; Liu, J.; He, M.; Ma, Y.Y.; Zhao, X.N.; Zhang, Y.; Ni, J.M. Lipid-lowering, hepatoprotective, and atheroprotective effects of the mixture Hong-Qu and gypenosides in hyperlipidemia with NAFLD rats. J. Chin. Med. Assoc., 2016, 79(3), 111-121.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2015.09.002] [PMID: 26842974]
[49]
Han, J.; Gao, W.; Su, D.; Liu, Y. Gypenoside inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by regulating NF-κB, AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways. J. Cell. Biochem., 2018, 119(9), 7310-7318.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.27028] [PMID: 29797602]
[50]
Wang, F.; Dang, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhou, T.; Zhu, Y. Gypenosides attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced optic neuritis in rats. Acta Histochem., 2018, 120(4), 340-346.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2018.03.003] [PMID: 29559175]
[51]
Gou, S.H.; Liu, B.J.; Han, X.F.; Wang, L.; Zhong, C.; Liang, S.; Liu, H.; Qiang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Ni, J.M. Anti-atherosclerotic effect of Fermentum Rubrum and Gynostemma pentaphyllum mixture in high-fat emulsion- and vitamin D3-induced atherosclerotic rats. J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 81., 2018, 398-408.
[52]
Liou, C.J.; Huang, W.C.; Kuo, M.L.; Yang, R.C.; Shen, J.J. Long-term oral administration of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract attenuates airway inflammation and Th2 cell activities in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2010, 48(10), 2592-2598.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.06.020] [PMID: 20558230]
[53]
Huang, T.H.; Tran, V.H.; Roufogalis, B.D.; Li, Y. Gypenoside XLIX, a naturally occurring PPAR-alpha activator, inhibits cytokine-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and activity in human endothelial cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2007, 565(1-3), 158-165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.03.013] [PMID: 17434475]
[54]
Vinay, K.; Abul, K.A.; Jon, C.A. Robbins and cotran pathologic basis of disease; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, 2015.
[55]
Cheng, T.C.; Lu, J.F.; Wang, J.S.; Lin, L.J.; Kuo, H.I.; Chen, B.H. Antiproliferation effect and apoptosis mechanism of prostate cancer cell PC-3 by flavonoids and saponins prepared from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2011, 59(20), 11319-11329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf2018758] [PMID: 21905716]
[56]
Zhang, X.; Shi, G.; Wu, X.; Zhao, Y. Gypensapogenin H from hydrolyzate of total Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins induces apoptosis in human breast carcinoma cells. Nat. Prod. Res., 2018, 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1525370] [PMID: 30470142]
[57]
Zhang, X.S.; Zhao, C.; Tang, W.Z.; Wu, X.J.; Zhao, Y.Q. Gypensapogenin H, a novel dammarane-type triterpene induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis on prostate cancer cells. Steroids, 2015, 104, 276-283.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2015.10.014] [PMID: 26514740]
[58]
Tsui, K.C.; Chiang, T.H.; Wang, J.S.; Lin, L.J.; Chao, W.C.; Chen, B.H.; Lu, J.F. Flavonoids from Gynostemma pentaphyllum exhibit differential induction of cell cycle arrest in H460 and A549 cancer cells. Molecules, 2014, 19(11), 17663-17681.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules191117663] [PMID: 25365293]
[59]
Liu, J.S.; Chiang, T.H.; Wang, J.S.; Lin, L.J.; Chao, W.C.; Inbaraj, B.S.; Lu, J.F.; Chen, B.H. Induction of p53-independent growth inhibition in lung carcinoma cell A549 by gypenosides. J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2015, 19(7), 1697-1709.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.12546] [PMID: 25781909]
[60]
Piao, X.L.; Xing, S.F.; Lou, C.X.; Chen, D.J. Novel dammarane saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum and their cytotoxic activities against HepG2 cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2014, 24(20), 4831-4833.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.059] [PMID: 25227718]
[61]
Shi, L.; Pi, Y.; Luo, C.; Zhang, C.; Tan, D.; Meng, X. In vitro inhibitory activities of six gypenosides on human liver cancer cell line HepG2 and possible role of HIF-1α pathway in them. Chem. Biol. Interact., 2015, 238, 48-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.004] [PMID: 26054451]
[62]
Kong, L.; Wang, X.; Zhang, K.; Yuan, W.; Yang, Q.; Fan, J.; Wang, P.; Liu, Q. Gypenosides synergistically enhances the anti-tumor effect of 5-fluorouracil on colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo: a role for oxidative stress-mediated dna damage and p53 activation. PLoS One, 2015, 10(9)e0137888
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137888] [PMID: 26368019]
[63]
Ha, T.K.Q.; Pham, H.T.T.; Cho, H.M.; Tran, V.O.; Yang, J.L.; Jung, D.W.; Williams, D.R.; Oh, W.K. 12,23-Dione dammarane triterpenes from Gynostemma longipes and their muscle cell proliferation activities via activation of the AMPK pathway. Sci. Rep., 2019, 9(1), 1186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37808-9] [PMID: 30718856]
[64]
Bhatia, S.; Drake, D.M.; Miller, L.; Wells, P.G. Oxidative stress and DNA damage in the mechanism of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Birth Defects Res., 2019, 111(12), 714-748.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.1509] [PMID: 31033255]
[65]
Dong, L.; Yang, K.Q.; Fu, W.Y.; Shang, Z.H.; Zhang, Q.Y.; Jing, F.M.; Li, L.L.; Xin, H.; Wang, X.J. Gypenosides protected the neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of neonatal rats that were prenatally exposed to ethanol. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2014, 15(12), 21967-21979.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms151221967] [PMID: 25464383]
[66]
Wang, X.J.; Sun, T.; Kong, L.; Shang, Z.H.; Yang, K.Q.; Zhang, Q.Y.; Jing, F.M.; Dong, L.; Xu, X.F.; Liu, J.X.; Xin, H.; Chen, Z.Y. Gypenosides pre-treatment protects the brain against cerebral ischemia and increases neural stem cells/progenitors in the subventricular zone. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 2014, 33, 49-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.12.001] [PMID: 24334222]
[67]
Mu, R.H.; Fang, X.Y.; Wang, S.S.; Li, C.F.; Chen, S.M.; Chen, X.M.; Liu, Q.; Li, Y.C.; Yi, L.T. Antidepressant-like effects of standardized gypenosides: involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in hippocampus. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 2016, 233(17), 3211-3221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4357-z] [PMID: 27385417]
[68]
Arathi, B.P.; Sowmya, P.R-R.; Kuriakose, G.C.; Vijay, K.; Baskaran, V.; Jayabaskaran, C.; Lakshminarayana, R. Enhanced cytotoxic and apoptosis inducing activity of lycopene oxidation products in different cancer cell lines. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2016, 97, 265-276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.09.016] [PMID: 27637924]
[69]
Arimoto-Matsuzaki, K.; Saito, H.; Takekawa, M. TIA1 oxidation inhibits stress granule assembly and sensitizes cells to stress-induced apoptosis. Nat. Commun., 2016, 7, 10252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10252] [PMID: 26738979]
[70]
Kim, A.; Nam, Y.J.; Lee, C.S. Taxifolin reduces the cholesterol oxidation product-induced neuronal apoptosis by suppressing the Akt and NF-κB activation-mediated cell death. Brain Res. Bull., 2017, 134, 63-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.07.008] [PMID: 28710022]
[71]
Lin, C.C.; Huang, P.C.; Lin, J.M. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of anoectochilus formosanus and gynostemma pentaphyllum. Am. J. Chin. Med., 2000, 28(1), 87-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X00000118] [PMID: 10794120]
[72]
Wei, X.; Li, L.; Liu, J.; Yu, L.; Li, H.; Cheng, F. Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from gynostemma for bioimaging and antioxidant in zebrafish. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11(10), 9832-9840.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b00074]
[73]
Shi, L.; Tan, D.H.; Yan, T.C.; Jiang, D.H.; Hou, M.X. Cytotoxic triterpenes from the acid hydrolyzate of gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 2018, 20, 182-187.
[74]
Hou, J.; Liu, S.; Ma, Z.; Lang, X.; Wang, J.; Wang, J.; Liang, Z. Effects of gynostemma pentaphyllum makino on the immunological function of cancer patients. J. Tradit. Chin. Med., 1991, 11(1), 47-52.
[PMID: 1861511]
[75]
Li, Y.; Huang, J.; Lin, W.; Yuan, Z.; Feng, S.; Xie, Y.; Ma, W. In vitro anticancer activity of a nonpolar fraction from gynostemma pentaphyllum (thunb.) makino. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2016, 20166308649
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6308649] [PMID: 27034692]
[76]
Li, X.L.; Wang, Z.H.; Zhao, Y.X.; Luo, S.J.; Zhang, D.W.; Xiao, S.X.; Peng, Z.H. Isolation and antitumor activities of acidic polysaccharide from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino. Carbohydr. Polym., 2012, 89(3), 942-947.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.040] [PMID: 24750884]
[77]
Chen, L.; Tai, W.C.; Brar, M.S.; Leung, F.C.; Hsiao, W.L. Tumor grafting induces changes of gut microbiota in athymic nude mice in the presence and absence of medicinal Gynostemma saponins. PLoS One, 2015, 10(5)e0126807
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126807] [PMID: 25992551]
[78]
Chen, D.J.; Liu, H.M.; Xing, S.F.; Piao, X.L. Cytotoxic activity of gypenosides and gynogenin against non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2014, 24(1), 186-191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.043] [PMID: 24321343]
[79]
Han, M.Q.; Liu, J.X.; Gao, H. Effects of 24 Chinese medicinal herbs on nucleic acid, protein and cell cycle of human lung adenocarcinoma cell. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 1995, 15(3), 147-149.
[PMID: 7647528]
[80]
Li, N.; Wu, C.F.; Xu, X.Y.; Liu, Z.Y.; Li, X.; Zhao, Y.Q. Triterpenes possessing an unprecedented skeleton isolated from hydrolyzate of total saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2012, 50, 173-178.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.01.052] [PMID: 22342101]
[81]
Xing, S.F.; Liu, L.H.; Zu, M.L.; Lin, M.; Zhai, X.F.; Piao, X.L. Inhibitory effect of damulin b from gynostemma pentaphyllum on human lung cancer cells. Inhibitory effect of damulin b from gynostemma pentaphyllum on human lung cancer cells. Sci. Rep., 2019, 85, 394-405.
[82]
Xing, S.F.; Liu, L.H.; Zu, M.L.; Ding, X.F.; Cui, W.Y.; Chang, T.; Piao, X.L. The inhibitory effect of gypenoside stereoisomers, gypenoside L and gypenoside LI, isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on the growth of human lung cancer A549 cells. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2018, 219, 161-172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.012] [PMID: 29545210]
[83]
Zheng, Y.; Zheng, Z.; Ming, Y.; Lin, M.; Chen, L.; Huang, W.; Xiao, J.; Lin, H. Gynosaponin TN-1 producing from the enzymatic conversion of gypenoside XLVI by naringinase and its cytotoxicity on hepatoma cell lines. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2018, 119, 161-168.
[84]
Zheng, K.; Liao, C.; Li, Y.; Fan, X.; Fan, L.; Xu, H.; Kang, Q.; Zeng, Y.; Wu, X.; Wu, H.; Liu, L.; Xiao, X.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Y.; He, Z.; Gypenoside, L. Isolated from gynostemma pentaphyllum, induces cytoplasmic vacuolation death in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through reactive-oxygen-species-mediated unfolded protein response. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2016, 64(8), 1702-1711.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05668] [PMID: 26870999]
[85]
Sun, D.P.; Li, X.X.; Liu, X.L.; Zhao, D.; Qiu, F.Q.; Li, Y.; Ma, P. Gypenosides induce apoptosis by ca2+ overload mediated by endoplasmic-reticulum and store-operated ca2+ channels in human hepatoma cells. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm., 2013, 28(4), 320-326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cbr.2012.1327] [PMID: 25310348]
[86]
Wang, Q.F.; Chiang, C.W.; Wu, C.C.; Cheng, C.C.; Hsieh, S.J.; Chen, J.C.; Hsieh, Y.C.; Hsu, S.L. Gypenosides induce apoptosis in human hepatoma Huh-7 cells through a calcium/reactive oxygen species-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Planta Med., 2007, 73(6), 535-544.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-967200] [PMID: 17520521]
[87]
Wang, Q.F.; Chen, J.C.; Hsieh, S.J.; Cheng, C.C.; Hsu, S.L. Regulation of Bcl-2 family molecules and activation of caspase cascade involved in gypenosides-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Cancer Lett., 2002, 183(2), 169-178.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(01)00828-X] [PMID: 12065092]
[88]
Tsai, Y.C.; Wu, W.B.; Chen, B.H. Preparation of carotenoids and chlorophylls from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino and their antiproliferation effect on hepatoma cell. J. Med. Food, 2010, 13(6), 1431-1442.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.1165] [PMID: 20946022]
[89]
Chen, Z.L.; Guan, Y.Q.; Chen, X.; Chen, X.L.; Chen, J.C. [Effect of Chinese herbal medicine 1023 Recipe in blocking cancer transformation of experimental precancerous lesion and its mechanism J. Chin. Integr. Med., 2004, 2(4), 281-284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3736/jcim20040415] [PMID: 15339418]
[90]
Zhou, Z; Wang, Y; Zhou, Y. The effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum mak (GP) on carcinogenesis of the golden hamster cheek pouch induced by DMBA. Zhonghua kouqiang yixue zazhi, 1996, 31, 267-270.
[PMID: 9592251]
[91]
Lu, K.W.; Chen, J.C.; Lai, T.Y.; Yang, J.S.; Weng, S.W.; Ma, Y.S.; Tang, N.Y.; Lu, P.J.; Weng, J.R.; Chung, J.G. Gypenosides causes DNA damage and inhibits expression of DNA repair genes of human oral cancer SAS cells. In Vivo, 2010, 24(3), 287-291.
[PMID: 20555000]
[92]
Zhou, Z.; Tang, G.; Zhong, W. Experimental study on the influence of Gynostemma pentaphyllam Mak upon point mutation of Ha-ras oncogene in blocking leukoplakia from canceration. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2000, 35(2), 91-94.
[PMID: 11780494]
[93]
Lu, K.W.; Ma, Y.S.; Yu, F.S.; Huang, Y.P.; Chu, Y.L.; Wu, R.S.; Liao, C.L.; Chueh, F.S.; Chung, J.G. Gypenosides induce cell death and alter gene expression in human oral cancer HSC-3 cells. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2017, 4, 2469-2476.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4840]
[94]
Chen, J.C.; Lu, K.W.; Tsai, M.L.; Hsu, S.C.; Kuo, C.L.; Yang, J.S.; Hsia, T.C.; Yu, C.S.; Chou, S.T.; Kao, M.C.; Chung, J.G.; Wood, W.G. Gypenosides induced G0/G1 arrest via CHk2 and apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-dependent pathways in human tongue cancer SCC-4 cells. Oral Oncol., 2009, 45(3), 273-283.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.05.012] [PMID: 18674953]
[95]
Lu, K.W.; Chen, J.C.; Lai, T.Y.; Yang, J.S.; Weng, S.W.; Ma, Y.S.; Lin, H.Y.; Wu, R.S.; Wu, K.C.; Wood, W.G.; Chung, J.G. Gypenosides suppress growth of human oral cancer SAS cells in vitro and in a murine xenograft model: the role of apoptosis mediated by caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Integr. Cancer Ther., 2012, 11(2), 129-140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735411403306] [PMID: 21665877]
[96]
Lu, K.W.; Tsai, M.L.; Chen, J.C.; Hsu, S.C.; Hsia, T.C.; Lin, M.W.; Huang, A.C.; Chang, Y.H.; Ip, S.W.; Lu, H.F.; Chung, J.G. Gypenosides inhibited invasion and migration of human tongue cancer SCC4 cells through down-regulation of NFkappaB and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Anticancer Res., 2008, 28(2A), 1093-1099.
[PMID: 18507059]
[97]
Lu, K.W.; Chen, J.C.; Lai, T.Y.; Yang, J.S.; Weng, S.W.; Ma, Y.S.; Lu, P.J.; Weng, J.R.; Chueh, F.S.; Wood, W.G.; Chung, J.G. Gypenosides inhibits migration and invasion of human oral cancer SAS cells through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 -9 and urokinase-plasminogen by ERK1/2 and NF-kappa B signaling pathways. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2011, 30(5), 406-415.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110372405] [PMID: 20511288]
[98]
Zhu, H.; Liu, Z.; Tang, L.; Liu, J.; Zhou, M.; Xie, F.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Y.; Shen, S.; Hu, L.; Yu, L. Reversal of P-gp and MRP1-mediated multidrug resistance by H6, a gypenoside aglycon from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, in vincristine-resistant human oral cancer (KB/VCR) cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2012, 696(1-3), 43-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.046] [PMID: 23051672]
[99]
Chen, J.C.; Lu, K.W.; Lee, J.H.; Yeh, C.C.; Chung, J.G. Gypenosides induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells through the mitochondria-dependent pathways and activation of caspase-3. Anticancer Res., 2006, 26(6B), 4313-4326.
[PMID: 17201150]
[100]
Yan, H.; Wang, X.; Niu, J.; Wang, Y.; Wang, P.; Liu, Q. Anti-cancer effect and the underlying mechanisms of gypenosides on human colorectal cancer SW-480 cells. PLoS One, 2014, 9(4)e95609
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095609] [PMID: 24752286]
[101]
Tai, W.C.; Wong, W.Y.; Lee, M.M.; Chan, B.D.; Lu, C.; Hsiao, W.L. Mechanistic study of the anti-cancer effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model. Proteomics, 2016, 16(10), 1557-1569.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201500293] [PMID: 26970558]
[102]
Hsu, H.Y.; Yang, J.S.; Lu, K.W.; Yu, C.S.; Chou, S.T.; Lin, J.J.; Chen, Y.Y.; Lin, M.L.; Chueh, F.S.; Chen, S.S.; Chung, J.G. An experimental study on the antileukemia effects of gypenosides in vitro and in vivo. Integr. Cancer Ther., 2011, 10(1), 101-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735410377198] [PMID: 20702487]
[103]
Lin, J.J.; Hsu, H.Y.; Yang, J.S.; Lu, K.W.; Wu, R.S.; Wu, K.C.; Lai, T.Y.; Chen, P.Y.; Ma, C.Y.; Wood, W.G.; Chung, J.G. Molecular evidence of anti-leukemia activity of gypenosides on human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells in vitro and in vivo using a HL-60 cells murine xenograft model. Phytomedicine, 2011, 18(12), 1075-1085.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.03.009] [PMID: 21596541]
[104]
Wang, J.; Yang, J.L.; Zhou, P.P.; Meng, X.H.; Shi, Y.P. Further new gypenosides from jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum). J. Agric. Food Chem., 2017, 65(29), 5926-5934.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01477] [PMID: 28662582]
[105]
Cui, C.H.; Kim, D.J.; Jung, S.C.; Kim, S.C. Im, W.T. enhanced production of gypenoside LXXV using a novel ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase from ginseng-cultivating soil bacteria and its anti-cancer property. Molecules, 2017, 22(5)E844
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22050844] [PMID: 28534845]
[106]
Zhang, X.S.; Cao, J.Q.; Zhao, C.; Wang, X.D.; Wu, X.J.; Zhao, Y.Q. Novel dammarane-type triterpenes isolated from hydrolyzate of total Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2015, 25(16), 3095-3099.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.022] [PMID: 26099540]
[107]
Liao, C.; Zheng, K.; Li, Y.; Xu, H.; Kang, Q.; Fan, L.; Hu, X.; Jin, Z.; Zeng, Y.; Kong, X.; Zhang, J.; Wu, X.; Wu, H.; Liu, L.; Xiao, X.; Wang, Y.; He, Z. Gypenoside L inhibits autophagic flux and induces cell death in human esophageal cancer cells through endoplasm reticulum stress-mediated Ca2+ release. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(30), 47387-47402.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.10159] [PMID: 27329722]
[108]
Angelucci, F.; Cechova, K.; Amlerova, J.; Hort, J. Antibiotics, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neuroinflammation, 2019, 16(1), 108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-019-1494-4] [PMID: 31118068]
[109]
Hosie, S.; Ellis, M.; Swaminathan, M.; Ramalhosa, F.; Seger, G.O.; Balasuriya, G.K.; Gillberg, C.; Rastam, M.; Churilov, L.; McKeown, S.J.; Yalcinkaya, N.; Urvil, P.; Savidge, T.; Bell, C.A.; Bodin, O.; Wood, J.; Franks, A.E.; Bornstein, J.C.; Hill-Yardin, E.L. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in patients and mice expressing the autism-associated R451C mutation in neuroligin-3. Autism Res., 2019, 12(7), 1043-1056.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2127]
[110]
Konrad, L.; Andersen, K.; Kesper, M.S.; Kumar, S.V.; Mulay, S.R.; Anders, H.J. The gut flora modulates intestinal barrier integrity but not progression of chronic kidney disease in hyperoxaluria-related nephrocalcinosis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. , 2019. pii. gfz080
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfz080] [PMID: 31081025]
[111]
Wei, M.Y.; Shi, S.; Liang, C.; Meng, Q.C.; Hua, J.; Zhang, Y.Y.; Liu, J.; Zhang, B.; Xu, J.; Yu, X.J. The microbiota and microbiome in pancreatic cancer: more influential than expected. Mol. Cancer, 2019, 18(1), 97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12943-019-1008-0] [PMID: 31109338]
[112]
Chen, L.; Brar, M.S.; Leung, F.C.; Hsiao, W.L. Triterpenoid herbal saponins enhance beneficial bacteria, decrease sulfate-reducing bacteria, modulate inflammatory intestinal microenvironment and exert cancer preventive effects in ApcMin/+ mice. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(21), 31226-31242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.8886] [PMID: 27121311]
[113]
Jia, D.; Rao, C.; Xue, S.; Lei, J. Purification, characterization and neuroprotective effects of a polysaccharide from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Carbohydr. Polym., 2015, 122, 93-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.032] [PMID: 25817647]
[114]
Meng, X.; Wang, M.; Sun, G.; Ye, J.; Zhou, Y.; Dong, X.; Wang, T.; Lu, S.; Sun, X. Attenuation of Aβ25-35-induced parallel autophagic and apoptotic cell death by gypenoside XVII through the estrogen receptor-dependent activation of Nrf2/ARE pathways. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2014, 279(1), 63-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.026] [PMID: 24726523]
[115]
Meng, X.; Luo, Y.; Liang, T.; Wang, M.; Zhao, J.; Sun, G.; Sun, X. Gypenoside XVII Enhances Lysosome Biogenesis and Autophagy Flux and Accelerates Autophagic Clearance of Amyloid-β through TFEB Activation. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2016, 52(3), 1135-1150.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160096] [PMID: 27060963]
[116]
Cai, H.; Liang, Q.; Ge, G. Gypenoside attenuates β amyloid-induced inflammation in n9 microglial cells via SOCS1 signaling. Neural Plast., 2016, 20166362707
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6362707] [PMID: 27213058]
[117]
Deng, Q.; Yang, X. Protective effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum polysaccharides on PC12 cells impaired by MPP.(+) Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2014, 69, 171-175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.049] [PMID: 24875324]
[118]
Li, K.; Du, Y.; Fan, Q.; Tang, C.Y.; He, J.F. Gypenosides might have neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects on optic neuritis. Med. Hypotheses, 2014, 82(5), 636-638.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.02.030] [PMID: 24629564]
[119]
Shang, L.; Liu, J.; Zhu, Q.; Zhao, L.; Feng, Y.; Wang, X.; Cao, W.; Xin, H. Gypenosides protect primary cultures of rat cortical cells against oxidative neurotoxicity. Brain Res., 2006, 1102(1), 163-174.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.035] [PMID: 16806111]
[120]
Xing, S.F.; Lin, M.; Wang, Y.R.; Chang, T.; Cui, W.Y.; Piao, X.L. Novel dammarane-type saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum and their neuroprotective effect. Nat. Prod. Res., 2018, 1-8. Epub ahead of print
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1495638] [PMID: 30320511]
[121]
Yang, K.; Zhang, H.; Luo, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, M.; Liao, P.; Cao, L.; Guo, P.; Sun, G.; Sun, X. Gypenoside XVII prevents atherosclerosis by attenuating endothelial apoptosis and oxidative stress: insight into the ERA-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2017, 18(2)E77
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020077] [PMID: 28208754]
[122]
Bai, W.; Wang, S.; An, S.; Guo, M.; Gong, G.; Liu, W.; Ma, S.; Li, X.; Fu, J.; Yao, W. Combination therapy of chitosan, gynostemma, and motherwort alleviates the progression of experimental rat chronic renal failure by inhibiting STAT1 activation. Oncotarget, 2018, 9(21), 15498-15511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24125] [PMID: 29643988]
[123]
Yu, H.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, W.; Guo, L.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Zhang, X.; Sun, Y. Gypenoside protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting cardiomyocytes apoptosis via inhibition of chop pathway and activation of PI3K/AKT pathway in vivo and in vitro. Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 2016, 39(1), 123-136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000445611] [PMID: 27322831]
[124]
Yu, H.; Guan, Q.; Guo, L.; Zhang, H.; Pang, X.; Cheng, Y.; Zhang, X.; Sun, Y. Gypenosides alleviate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via attenuation of oxidative stress and preservation of mitochondrial function in rat heart. Cell Stress Chaperones, 2016, 21(3), 429-437.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12192-016-0669-5] [PMID: 26800973]
[125]
Zhao, J.; Ming, Y.; Wan, Q.; Ye, S.; Xie, S.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhong, Z.; Li, L.; Ye, Q. Gypenoside attenuates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic bioactivities. Exp. Ther. Med., 2014, 7(5), 1388-1392.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1569] [PMID: 24940444]
[126]
He, Q.; Li, J.K.; Li, F.; Li, R.G.; Zhan, G.Q.; Li, G.; Du, W.X.; Tan, H.B. Mechanism of action of gypenosides on type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. World J. Gastroenterol., 2015, 21(7), 2058-2066.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i7.2058] [PMID: 25717238]
[127]
Qin, R.; Zhang, J.; Li, C.; Zhang, X.; Xiong, A.; Huang, F.; Yin, Z.; Li, K.; Qin, W.; Chen, M.; Zhang, S.; Liang, L.; Zhang, H.; Nie, H.; Ye, W. Protective effects of gypenosides against fatty liver disease induced by high fat and cholesterol diet and alcohol in rats. Arch. Pharm. Res., 2012, 35(7), 1241-1250.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-012-0715-5] [PMID: 22864747]
[128]
Yuan, H.; Deng, Y.; Yuan, L.; Wu, J.; Yuan, Z.; Yi, J.; Zhang, M.; Guo, C.; Wen, L.; Li, R.; Zhu, L.; He, Z. Gynostemma pentaphyllum protects mouse male germ cells against apoptosis caused by zearalenone via Bax and Bcl-2 regulation. Toxicol. Mech. Methods, 2010, 20(3), 153-158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15376511003660185] [PMID: 20163293]
[129]
Li, X.L.; Wang, Z.H.; Zhao, Y.X.; Luo, S.J.; Zhang, D.W.; Xiao, S.X.; Peng, Z.H. Purification of a polysaccharide from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino and its therapeutic advantages for psoriasis. Carbohydr. Polym., 2012, 89(4), 1232-1237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.001] [PMID: 24750936]