Abstract
Background: Candida species are the important etiologic agents for candidiasis, the most
prevalent cause of opportunistic fungal infections. Candida invasion results in mucosal to systemic infections
through immune dysfunction and helps in further invasion and proliferation at several sites in
the host. The host defence system utilizes a wide array of the cells, proteins and chemical signals that are
distributed in blood and tissues which further constitute the innate and adaptive immune system. The
lack of antifungal agents and their limited therapeutic effects have led to high mortality and morbidity
related to such infections.
Methods: The necessary information collated on this review has been gathered from various literature
published from 1995 to 2019.
Results: This article sheds light on novel drug delivery approaches to target the immunological axis for
several Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. rugose, C.
hemulonii, etc.).
Conclusion: It is clear that the novel drug delivery approaches include vaccines, adoptive transfer of
primed immune cells, recombinant cytokines, therapeutic antibodies, and nanoparticles, which have
immunomodulatory effects. Such advancements in targeting various underpinning mechanisms using the
concept of novel drug delivery will provide a new dimension to the fungal infection clinic particularly
due to Candida species with improved patient compliance and lesser side effects. This advancement in
knowledge can also be extended to target various other similar microbial species and infections.
Keywords:
Candida, Immune cells, Receptor-mediated recognition, Immune-compromised patients, Novel drug delivery system,
Antifungal therapy.
Graphical Abstract
[2]
Ko, J.H.; Jung, D.S.; Lee, J.Y.; Kim, H.A.; Ryu, S.Y.; Jung, S.I.; Joo, E.J.; Cheon, S.; Kim, Y.S.; Kim, S.W.; Cho, S.Y.; Kang, C.I.; Chung, D.R.; Lee, N.Y.; Peck, K.R. Changing epidemiology of non-albicans candidemia in Korea. J. Infect. Chemother., 2018, 25(5), 388.
[10]
Cao, H.F.; Dong, Y.; Yang, T.; Li, B.B.; Zhao, J. [Prevalence of candida albicans and its relationship with early childhood caries among children of three ethnic groups (Han, Uygur, Mongolian) in bortala mongol autonomous prefecture of xinjiang uygur autonomous region]. Zhonghua kou qiang yi xue za zhi, 2018, 53(11), 730.
[24]
Bhattacharjee, P. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species in a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata, India. Curr. Med. Mycol., 2016, 2(2), 20.
[32]
Pang, B. Efficient search and comparison algorithms for 3D protein binding site retrieval and structure alignment from large-scale databases.. PhD Thesis, University of Missouri: Columbia,, 2013.
[70]
Calderone, R.; Gow, N.A. Host recognition by Candida species. Candida and candidiasis; ASM Press: Washington, DC, 2002, pp. 67-86.
[129]
Balamurugan, J.; Vijayalakshmi, P. Preparation and evaluation of floating extended release matrix tablet using combination of polymethacrylates and polyethylene oxide polymers. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2014, 6(8), 584-592.
[140]
Kumar, J.R.K.; Muralidharan, S.; Dhanaraj, S.A. Development and in vitro evalution of guar gum based fluconazole in situ gel for oral thrush. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 2012, 4(12), 2009.
[142]
Bhalaria, M.; Naik, S.; Misra, A. Ethosomes: a novel delivery system for antifungal drugs in the treatment of topical fungal diseases. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2009, 47(5), 368-375.
[144]
Shahzadi, I.; Masood, M.I.; Chowdhary, F.; Anjum, A.A.; Nawaz, M.A.; Maqsood, I.; Zaman, M.Q. Microemulsion formulation for topical delivery of miconazole nitrate. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 2014, 24(2), 30-36.