Generic placeholder image

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Author(s): Evangelos Oikonomou*, Gerasimos Siasos, Vasiliki Tsigkou, Evanthia Bletsa, Maria-Evi Panoilia, Iris Niovi Oikonomou, Ilias Sinanidis, Marianna Spinou, Angeliki Papastavrou, Georgios Kokosias, Marina Zaromitidou, Panagiota Stampouloglou, Michail Spartalis, Manolis Vavuranakis, Christodoulos Stefanadis, Athanasios G. Papavassiliou and Dimitris Tousoulis

DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190830103219

DownloadDownload PDF Flyer Cite As
Coronary Artery Disease and Endothelial Dysfunction: Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches

Page: [1052 - 1080] Pages: 29

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The most common pathophysiologic substrate is atherosclerosis which is an inflammatory procedure that starts at childhood and develops throughout life. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and is characterized by the impaired production of nitric oxide. In general, endothelial dysfunction is linked to poor cardiovascular prognosis and different methods, both invasive and non-invasive, have been developed for its evaluation. Ultrasound evaluation of flow mediated dilatation of the branchial artery is the most commonly used method to assessed endothelial function while intracoronary administration of vasoactive agents may be also be used to test directly endothelial properties of the coronary vasculature. Endothelial dysfunction has also been the subject of therapeutic interventions. This review article summarizes the knowledge about evaluation of endothelial function in acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary artery disease and demonstrates the current therapeutic approaches against endothelial dysfunction.

Keywords: Endothelium, endothelial function, FMD, acetylcholine, CAD, treatment.

[1]
Tousoulis, D.; Economou, E.K.; Oikonomou, E.; Papageorgiou, N.; Siasos, G.; Latsios, G.; Kokkou, E.; Mourouzis, K.; Papaioannou, S.; Deftereos, S.; Cleman, M.W.; Lymberi, M.; Gennimata, V.; Stefanadis, C. The role and predictive value of cytokines in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Curr. Med. Chem., 2015, 22(22), 2636-2650.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867322666150415145814] [PMID: 25876746]
[2]
Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Athanasiou, D.; Oikonomou, E.; Tourikis, P.; Gouliopoulos, N.; Limperi, M.; Kampoli, A.M.; Toutouzas, K.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Stefanadis, C. Novel risk factors related to stable angina. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2013, 19(9), 1550-1561.
[PMID: 23016718]
[3]
Papageorgiou, N.; Tousoulis, D.; Androulakis, E.; Giotakis, A.; Siasos, G.; Latsios, G.; Stefanadis, C. Lifestyle factors and endothelial function. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol., 2012, 10(1), 94-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016112798829788] [PMID: 22112355]
[4]
Tousoulis, D.; Hatzis, G.; Papageorgiou, N.; Androulakis, E.; Bouras, G.; Giolis, A.; Bakogiannis, C.; Siasos, G.; Latsios, G.; Antoniades, C.; Stefanadis, C. Assessment of acute coronary syndromes: focus on novel biomarkers. Curr. Med. Chem., 2012, 19(16), 2572-2587.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986712800493011] [PMID: 22489714 ]
[5]
Stone, P.H.; Maehara, A.; Coskun, A.U.; Maynard, C.C.; Zaromytidou, M.; Siasos, G.; Andreou, I.; Fotiadis, D.; Stefanou, K.; Papafaklis, M.; Michalis, L.; Lansky, A.J.; Mintz, G.S.; Serruys, P.W.; Feldman, C.L.; Stone, G.W. Role of low endothelial shear stress and plaque characteristics in the prediction of nonculprit major adverse cardiac events: The PROSPECT Study. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging, 2018, 11(3), 462-471.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.01.031] [PMID: 28917684]
[6]
Yamamoto, E.; Siasos, G.; Zaromytidou, M.; Coskun, A.U.; Xing, L.; Bryniarski, K.; Zanchin, T.; Sugiyama, T.; Lee, H.; Stone, P.H.; Jang, I.K. Low endothelial shear stress predicts evolution to high-risk coronary plaque phenotype in the future: A serial optical coherence tomography and computational fluid dynamics study. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv., 2017, 10(8), 10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.117.005455] [PMID: 28768758]
[7]
Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Antoniades, C.; Stefanadi, E.; Stefanadis, C. L-Arginine, the substrate for NO synthesis: an alternative treatment for premature atherosclerosis? Int. J. Cardiol., 2007, 116(3), 300-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.04.062] [PMID: 16860889]
[8]
Tousoulis, D.; Böger, R.H.; Antoniades, C.; Siasos, G.; Stefanadi, E.; Stefanadis, C. Mechanisms of disease: L-arginine in coronary atherosclerosis--a clinical perspective. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med., 2007, 4(5), 274-283.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncpcardio0878] [PMID: 17457351]
[9]
Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Vlachopoulos, C.; Antoniades, C.; Stefanadi, E.; Ioakeimidis, N.; Andreou, I.; Zisimos, K.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Stefanadis, C. Short-term treatment with L-arginine prevents the smoking-induced impairment of endothelial function and vascular elastic properties in young individuals. Int. J. Cardiol., 2008, 126(3), 394-399.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.04.057] [PMID: 17588688]
[10]
Tousoulis, D.; Antoniades, C.; Charakida, M.; Toutouzas, K.; Trikas, A.; Stefanadi, E.; Siasos, G.; Latsios, G.; Stefanadis, C. Cold pressor test as a marker for the detection of early stage coronary atherosclerosis. Int. J. Cardiol., 2007, 115(1), 120-122.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.04.008] [PMID: 16787668]
[11]
Siasos, G.; Zografos, T.; Oikonomou, E.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Stefanadis, C.; Tousoulis, D. Flow-mediated dilation: is it just a research tool or a useful biomarker for cardiovascular prognosis. Int. J. Cardiol., 2015, 180, 154-157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.209] [PMID: 25438239]
[12]
Tousoulis, D.; Simopoulou, C.; Papageorgiou, N.; Oikonomou, E.; Hatzis, G.; Siasos, G.; Tsiamis, E.; Stefanadis, C. Endothelial dysfunction in conduit arteries and in microcirculation. Novel therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol. Ther., 2014, 144(3), 253-267.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.003] [PMID: 24928320]
[13]
Zaromytidou, M.; Antoniadis, A.P.; Siasos, G.; Coskun, A.U.; Andreou, I.; Papafaklis, M.I.; Lucier, M.; Feldman, C.L.; Stone, P.H. Heterogeneity of coronary plaque morphology and natural history: current understanding and clinical significance. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 2016, 18(12), 80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11883-016-0626-x] [PMID: 27822680]
[14]
Papageorgiou, N.; Briasoulis, A.; Hatzis, G.; Androulakis, E.; Kozanitou, M.; Miliou, A.; Charakida, M.; Zacharia, E.; Papaioannou, S.; Paroutoglou, I.; Siasos, G.; Pallantza, Z.; Tousoulis, D. Coronary artery atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients: the role of fibrinogen genetic variability. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. (Engl. Ed.), 2017, 70(1), 34-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2016.05.024] [PMID: 27553289]
[15]
Siasos, G.; Stefanadis, C.; Tousoulis, D. Factors affecting platelet reactivity and cardiovascular outcome in CAD patients treated with P2Y12 receptor inhibitors. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2016, 68(1), 134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.585] [PMID: 27364061]
[16]
Kalampogias, A.; Siasos, G.; Oikonomou, E.; Tsalamandris, S.; Mourouzis, K.; Tsigkou, V.; Vavuranakis, M.; Zografos, T.; Deftereos, S.; Stefanadis, C.; Tousoulis, D. Basic mechanisms in atherosclerosis: the role of calcium. Med. Chem., 2016, 12(2), 103-113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573406411666150928111446] [PMID: 26411606]
[17]
Siasos, G.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Tousoulis, D. Editorial: inflammation and atherosclerosis: the role of novel biomarkers (part-I). Curr. Med. Chem., 2015, 22(22), 2616-2618.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986732222150813115832] [PMID: 26295575]
[18]
Siasos, G.; Tsigkou, V.; Oikonomou, E.; Zaromitidou, M.; Tsalamandris, S.; Mourouzis, K.; Vavuranakis, M.; Anastasiou, M.; Vlasis, K.; Limperi, M.; Gennimata, V.; Boletis, J.N.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Tousoulis, D. Circulating biomarkers determining inflammation in atherosclerosis progression. Curr. Med. Chem., 2015, 22(22), 2619-2635.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867322666150415125828] [PMID: 25876747]
[19]
Hatzis, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Papageorgiou, N.; Bouras, G.; Oikonomou, E.; Miliou, A.; Siasos, G.; Toutouzas, K.; Papaioannou, S.; Tsiamis, E.; Antoniades, C.; Stefanadis, C. Combined effects of smoking and interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein genetic variants on endothelial function, inflammation, thrombosis and incidence of coronary artery disease. Int. J. Cardiol., 2014, 176(1), 254-257.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.06.058] [PMID: 25027167]
[20]
Tousoulis, D.; Koutsogiannis, M.; Papageorgiou, N.; Siasos, G.; Antoniades, C.; Tsiamis, E.; Stefanadis, C. Endothelial dysfunction: potential clinical implications. Minerva Med., 2010, 101(4), 271-284.
[PMID: 21030938]
[21]
van Bussel, F.C.; van Bussel, B.C.; Hoeks, A.P.; Op ’t Roodt, J.; Henry, R.M.; Ferreira, I.; Vanmolkot, F.H.; Schalkwijk, C.G.; Stehouwer, C.D.; Reesink, K.D. A control systems approach to quantify wall shear stress normalization by flow-mediated dilation in the brachial artery. PLoS One, 2015, 10(2)e0115977
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115977] [PMID: 25693114]
[22]
Lee, R.; Margaritis, M.; Channon, K.M.; Antoniades, C. Evaluating oxidative stress in human cardiovascular disease: methodological aspects and considerations. Curr. Med. Chem., 2012, 19(16), 2504-2520.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986712800493057] [PMID: 22489713]
[23]
Lerman, A.; Cannan, C.R.; Higano, S.H.; Nishimura, R.A.; Holmes, D.R. Jr. Coronary vascular remodeling in association with endothelial dysfunction. Am. J. Cardiol., 1998, 81(9), 1105-1109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00135-0] [PMID: 9605050]
[24]
Gutiérrez, E.; Flammer, A.J.; Lerman, L.O.; Elízaga, J.; Lerman, A.; Fernández-Avilés, F. Endothelial dysfunction over the course of coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart J., 2013, 34(41), 3175-3181.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht351] [PMID: 24014385 ]
[25]
Veerasamy, M.; Bagnall, A.; Neely, D.; Allen, J.; Sinclair, H.; Kunadian, V. Endothelial dysfunction and coronary artery disease: a state of the art review. Cardiol. Rev., 2015, 23(3), 119-129.
[PMID: 25420051 ]
[26]
Androulakis, E.; Norrington, K.; Bakogiannis, C.; Lioudaki, E.; Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D. The impact of antiplatelet treatment on endothelial function. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2016, 22(29), 4512-4518.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160603020003] [PMID: 27262335]
[27]
Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Siasou, Z.; Stefanadis, C.; Papavassiliou, A.G. Shear stress, protein kinases and atherosclerosis. Curr. Med. Chem., 2007, 14(14), 1567-1572.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986707780831087] [PMID: 17584064 ]
[28]
Soulis, J.V.; Giannoglou, G.D.; Papaioannou, V.; Parcharidis, G.E.; Louridas, G.E. Low-density lipoprotein concentration in the normal left coronary artery tree. Biomed. Eng. Online, 2008, 7, 26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-925X-7-26] [PMID: 18925974 ]
[29]
Chatzizisis, Y.S.; Baker, A.B.; Sukhova, G.K.; Koskinas, K.C.; Papafaklis, M.I.; Beigel, R.; Jonas, M.; Coskun, A.U.; Stone, B.V.; Maynard, C.; Shi, G.P.; Libby, P.; Feldman, C.L.; Edelman, E.R.; Stone, P.H. Augmented expression and activity of extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes in regions of low endothelial shear stress colocalize with coronary atheromata with thin fibrous caps in pigs. Circulation, 2011, 123(6), 621-630.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.97003 8] [PMID: 21282495]
[30]
Stone, P.H.; Saito, S.; Takahashi, S.; Makita, Y.; Nakamura, S.; Kawasaki, T.; Takahashi, A.; Katsuki, T.; Nakamura, S.; Namiki, A.; Hirohata, A.; Matsumura, T.; Yamazaki, S.; Yokoi, H.; Tanaka, S.; Otsuji, S.; Yoshimachi, F.; Honye, J.; Harwood, D.; Reitman, M.; Coskun, A.U.; Papafaklis, M.I.; Feldman, C.L. PREDICTION investigators. Prediction of progression of coronary artery disease and clinical outcomes using vascular profiling of endothelial shear stress and arterial plaque characteristics: the PREDICTION Study. Circulation, 2012, 126(2), 172-181.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.09643 8] [PMID: 22723305]
[31]
Toutouzas, K.; Drakopoulou, M.; Stefanadi, E.; Siasos, G.; Stefanadis, C. Intracoronary thermography: does it help us in clinical decision making? J. Interv. Cardiol., 2005, 18(6), 485-489.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8183.2005.00090.x] [PMID: 16336430]
[32]
Oikonomou, E.; Vogiatzi, G.; Papamikroulis, G.A.; Naar, L.; Siasos, G.; Mourouzis, K.; Zografos, T.; Vavuranakis, M.; Antonopoulos, A.; Tousoulis, D. Antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes. Evidence based medicine. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2016, 22(29), 4519-4536.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160617105634] [PMID: 27319947]
[33]
Tousoulis, D.; Androulakis, E.; Papageorgiou, N.; Briasoulis, A.; Siasos, G.; Antoniades, C.; Stefanadis, C. From atherosclerosis to acute coronary syndromes: the role of soluble CD40 ligand. Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 2010, 20(5), 153-164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2010.12.004] [PMID: 21742271]
[34]
Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Kioufis, S.; Oikonomou, E.; Siasou, Z.; Limperi, M.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Stefanadis, C. Inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis: the impact of matrix metalloproteinases. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2012, 12(10), 1132-1148.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026611208011132] [PMID: 22519444 ]
[35]
Tousoulis, D.; Antoniades, C.; Nikolopoulou, A.; Koniari, K.; Vasiliadou, C.; Marinou, K.; Koumallos, N.; Papageorgiou, N.; Stefanadi, E.; Siasos, G.; Stefanadis, C. Interaction between cytokines and sCD40L in patients with stable and unstable coronary syndromes. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, 37(8), 623-628.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01834.x] [PMID: 17635572]
[36]
Tousoulis, D.; Crake, T.; Kaski, J.C.; Rosen, S.D.; Haider, A.W.; Davies, G.J. Enhanced vasomotor responses of complex coronary stenoses to acetylcholine in stable angina pectoris. Am. J. Cardiol., 1995, 75(10), 725-728.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80664-X] [PMID: 7900671]
[37]
Tousoulis, D.; Davies, G.; Lefroy, D.C.; Haider, A.W.; Crake, T. Variable coronary vasomotor responses to acetylcholine in patients with normal coronary arteriograms: evidence for localised endothelial dysfunction. Heart, 1996, 75(3), 261-266.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.75.3.261] [PMID: 8800989]
[38]
Tousoulis, D.; Davies, G. Acetylcholine and endothelial function. Circulation, 1998, 98(15), 1588-1589.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.98.15.1587/a] [PMID: 9841133]
[39]
Matsuzawa, Y.; Lerman, A. Endothelial dysfunction and coronary artery disease: assessment, prognosis, and treatment. Coron. Artery Dis., 2014, 25(8), 713-724.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000178] [PMID: 25365643]
[40]
Tousoulis, D.; Gorog, D.; Crake, T.; Homaei, H.; Ahmed, N.; Davies, G.J. Vasomotor responses of coronary stenoses to acetylcholine and their relation to serum lipid levels in stable angina pectoris. Am. J. Cardiol., 1999, 83(12), 1606-1610.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00167-8] [PMID: 10392862 ]
[41]
Vavuranakis, M.; Kariori, M.; Siasos, G.; Kalogeras, K.; Tousoulis, D. Statins in acute coronary syndromes. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170816114403] [PMID: 28814233]
[42]
Thanyasiri, P.; Celermajer, D.S.; Adams, M.R. Endothelial dysfunction occurs in peripheral circulation patients with acute and stable coronary artery disease. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2005, 289(2), H513-H517.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01086.2004] [PMID: 16014611]
[43]
Ong, P.; Athanasiadis, A.; Hill, S.; Vogelsberg, H.; Voehringer, M.; Sechtem, U. Coronary artery spasm as a frequent cause of acute coronary syndrome: The CASPAR (Coronary Artery Spasm in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome) Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2008, 52(7), 523-527.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.050] [PMID: 18687244]
[44]
Montone, R.A.; Niccoli, G.; Fracassi, F.; Russo, M.; Gurgoglione, F.; Cammà, G.; Lanza, G.A.; Crea, F. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and non-obstructive coronary arteries: safety and prognostic relevance of invasive coronary provocative tests. Eur. Heart J., 2018, 39(2), 91-98.
[PMID: 29228159 ]
[45]
Hasdai, D.; Holmes, D.R. Jr.; Higano, S.T.; Burnett, J.C.Jr.; Lerman, A. Prevalence of coronary blood flow reserve abnormalities among patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease and chest pain. Mayo Clin. Proc., 1998, 73(12), 1133-1140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/73.12.1133] [PMID: 9868410 ]
[46]
Reriani, M.; Sara, J.D.; Flammer, A.J.; Gulati, R.; Li, J.; Rihal, C.; Lennon, R.; Lerman, L.O.; Lerman, A. Coronary endothelial function testing provides superior discrimination compared with standard clinical risk scoring in prediction of cardiovascular events. Coron. Artery Dis., 2016, 27(3), 213-220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000347] [PMID: 26882018 ]
[47]
Wang, X.; Guo, F.; Li, G.; Cao, Y.; Fu, H. Prognostic role of brachial reactivity in patients with ST myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention. Coron. Artery Dis., 2009, 20(7), 467-472.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0b013e32832e5c61] [PMID: 19641459 ]
[48]
Karatzis, E.N.; Ikonomidis, I.; Vamvakou, G.D.; Papaioannou, T.G.; Protogerou, A.D.; Andreadou, I.; Voidonikola, P.T.; Karatzi, K.N.; Papamichael, C.M.; Lekakis, J.P. Long-term prognostic role of flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery after acute coronary syndromes without ST elevation. Am. J. Cardiol., 2006, 98(11), 1424-1428.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.06.043] [PMID: 17126643 ]
[49]
Berns, S.A.; Shmidt, E.A.; Yuchno, E.S.; Nagirnyak, O.A.; Homyakova, T.A.; Barbarash, O.L. [Influence of endothelial dysfunction on prognosis of patients with non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome]. Kardiologiia, 2015, 55(4), 14-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/cardio.2015.4.14-18] [PMID: 26502497 ]
[50]
Guazzi, M.; Reina, G.; Gripari, P.; Tumminello, G.; Vicenzi, M.; Arena, R. Prognostic value of flow-mediated dilatation following myocardial infarction. Int. J. Cardiol., 2009, 132(1), 45-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.10.036] [PMID: 18180054 ]
[51]
Lee, K.W.; Blann, A.D.; Lip, G.Y. Inter-relationships of indices of endothelial damage/dysfunction [circulating endothelial cells, von Willebrand factor and flow-mediated dilatation] to tissue factor and interleukin-6 in acute coronary syndromes. Int. J. Cardiol., 2006, 111(2), 302-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.10.014] [PMID: 16324758 ]
[52]
Careri, G.; Nerla, R.; Di Monaco, A.; Russo, G.; Stazi, A.; Villano, A.; Sestito, A.; Lanza, G.A.; Crea, F. Clinical correlates and prognostic value of flow mediated dilation in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Am. J. Cardiol., 2013, 111(1), 51-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.049] [PMID: 23062313 ]
[53]
Jurcuţ, R.; Arsenescu, I.; Puşcariu, T.; Uscătescu, V.; Jurcuţ, C.; Apetrei, E.; Ginghină, C. Is interleukin-18 correlated with endothelial dysfunction and platelet activation in patients with unstable angina? Rom. J. Intern. Med., 2005, 43(3-4), 199-209.
[PMID: 16812980 ]
[54]
Luo, C.; Li, Y.; Liu, D.; Hu, C.; Du, Z. The association of brachial flow-mediated dilation and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels with Duke treadmill score in patients with suspected microvascular angina. Exp. Clin. Cardiol., 2012, 17(4), 197-201.
[PMID: 23592935 ]
[55]
Patti, G.; Pasceri, V.; Melfi, R.; Goffredo, C.; Chello, M.; D’Ambrosio, A.; Montesanti, R.; Di Sciascio, G. Impaired flow-mediated dilation and risk of restenosis in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation. Circulation, 2005, 111(1), 70-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000151308.06673.D2] [PMID: 15630038 ]
[56]
Ioannou, A.; Papageorgiou, N.; McVaughan, V.; Charakida, M.; Bertsias, D.; Zacharia, F.; Siasos, G.; Latsios, G.; Papaioannou, S.; Oikonomou, E.; Tousoulis, D. Statins in Stable Angina Pectoris. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170828132303] [PMID: 28847306 ]
[57]
Montalescot, G.; Sechtem, U.; Achenbach, S.; Andreotti, F.; Arden, C.; Budaj, A.; Bugiardini, R.; Crea, F.; Cuisset, T.; Di Mario, C.; Ferreira, J.R.; Gersh, B.J.; Gitt, A.K.; Hulot, J.S.; Marx, N.; Opie, L.H.; Pfisterer, M.; Prescott, E.; Ruschitzka, F.; Sabaté, M.; Senior, R.; Taggart, D.P.; van der Wall, E.E.; Vrints, C.J.; Zamorano, J.L.; Achenbach, S.; Baumgartner, H.; Bax, J.J.; Bueno, H.; Dean, V.; Deaton, C.; Erol, C.; Fagard, R.; Ferrari, R.; Hasdai, D.; Hoes, A.W.; Kirchhof, P.; Knuuti, J.; Kolh, P.; Lancellotti, P.; Linhart, A.; Nihoyannopoulos, P.; Piepoli, M.F.; Ponikowski, P.; Sirnes, P.A.; Tamargo, J.L.; Tendera, M.; Torbicki, A.; Wijns, W.; Windecker, S.; Knuuti, J.; Valgimigli, M.; Bueno, H.; Claeys, M.J.; Donner-Banzhoff, N.; Erol, C.; Frank, H.; Funck-Brentano, C.; Gaemperli, O.; Gonzalez-Juanatey, J.R.; Hamilos, M.; Hasdai, D.; Husted, S.; James, S.K.; Kervinen, K.; Kolh, P.; Kristensen, S.D.; Lancellotti, P.; Maggioni, A.P.; Piepoli, M.F.; Pries, A.R.; Romeo, F.; Rydén, L.; Simoons, M.L.; Sirnes, P.A.; Steg, P.G.; Timmis, A.; Wijns, W.; Windecker, S.; Yildirir, A.; Zamorano, J.L. Task Force Members ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines Document Reviewers. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the task force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart J., 2013, 34(38), 2949-3003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht296] [PMID: 23996286 ]
[58]
Siama, K.; Tousoulis, D.; Papageorgiou, N.; Siasos, G.; Tsiamis, E.; Bakogiannis, C.; Briasoulis, A.; Androulakis, E.; Tentolouris, K.; Stefanadis, C. Stable angina pectoris: current medical treatment. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2013, 19(9), 1569-1580.
[PMID: 23016717 ]
[59]
Tousoulis, D.; Androulakis, E.; Kontogeorgou, A.; Papageorgiou, N.; Charakida, M.; Siama, K.; Latsios, G.; Siasos, G.; Kampoli, A.M.; Tourikis, P.; Tsioufis, K.; Stefanadis, C. Insight to the pathophysiology of stable angina pectoris. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2013, 19(9), 1593-1600.
[PMID: 23016715 ]
[60]
Tousoulis, D.; Bakogiannis, C.; Briasoulis, A.; Papageorgiou, N.; Androulakis, E.; Siasos, G.; Latsios, G.; Kampoli, A.M.; Charakida, M.; Toutouzas, K.; Stefanadis, C. Targeting myocardial metabolism for the treatment of stable angina. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2013, 19(9), 1587-1592.
[PMID: 23016716 ]
[61]
Ostad, M.A.; Wild, P.S.; Schnorbus, B.; Schulz, A.; Munzel, T.; Warnholtz, A. Predictive value of brachial reactive hyperemia and flow-mediated dilation in stable coronary artery disease. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 2014, 56(3), 247-257.
[PMID: 23603324 ]
[62]
Kubo, M.; Miyoshi, T.; Oe, H.; Ohno, Y.; Nakamura, K.; Ito, H. Prognostic significance of endothelial dysfunction in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of drug-eluting stents. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 2015, 15, 102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12872-015-0096-z] [PMID: 26399321 ]
[63]
Akcakoyun, M.; Kargin, R.; Tanalp, A.C.; Pala, S.; Ozveren, O.; Akcay, M.; Barutcu, I.; Kirma, C. Predictive value of noninvasively determined endothelial dysfunction for long-term cardiovascular events and restenosis in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation: a prospective study. Coron. Artery Dis., 2008, 19(5), 337-343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0b013e328301ba8e] [PMID: 18607171 ]
[64]
Kitta, Y.; Nakamura, T.; Kodama, Y.; Takano, H.; Umetani, K.; Fujioka, D.; Saito, Y.; Kawabata, K.; Obata, J.E.; Ichigi, Y.; Mende, A.; Kugiyama, K. Endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in the brachial artery is associated with late in-stent coronary restenosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2005, 46(4), 648-655.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.04.055] [PMID: 16098430 ]
[65]
Mizia-Stec, K.; Gasior, Z.; Haberka, M.; Mizia, M.; Chmiel, A.; Janowska, J.; Holecki, M.; Mielczarek, M.; Zahorska-Markiewicz, B. In-stent coronary restenosis, but not the type of stent, is associated with impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilatation. Kardiol. Pol., 2009, 67(1), 9-17.
[PMID: 19253185 ]
[66]
Kirma, C.; Akcakoyun, M.; Esen, A.M.; Barutcu, I.; Karakaya, O.; Saglam, M.; Kargin, R.; Turkmen, M.; Boztosun, B.; Izgi, A.; Sonmez, K. Relationship between endothelial function and coronary risk factors in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circ. J., 2007, 71(5), 698-702.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.71.698] [PMID: 17456994 ]
[67]
Tandon, S.; Bhargava, K.; Gupta, H.; Bansal, M.; Kasliwal, R.R. Non-invasive assessment of endothelial function by brachial artery flow mediated vasodilatation and its association with coronary artery disease: an Indian perspective. J Indian Med Assoc, 2004, 102, 243-6- 51-2.
[PMID: 15636026 ]
[68]
Li, X.P.; Zhang, X.Y.; Zhao, S.P. [Changes of endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent dilatation of brachial arteries in patients with coronary heart disease]. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, 2000, 25(3), 276-278.
[PMID: 12212166 ]
[69]
Park, K.H.; Han, S.J.; Kim, H.S.; Kim, M.K.; Jo, S.H.; Kim, S.A.; Park, W.J. Impact of Framingham risk score, flow-mediated dilation, pulse wave velocity, and biomarkers for cardiovascular events in stable angina. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2014, 29(10), 1391-1397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2014.29.10.1391] [PMID: 25368493 ]
[70]
Park, K.H.; Kim, M.K.; Kim, H.S.; Park, W.J.; Cho, G.Y.; Choi, Y.J. Clinical significance of framingham risk score, flow-mediated dilation and pulse wave velocity in patients with stable angina. Circ. J., 2011, 75(5), 1177-1183.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-10-0811] [PMID: 21233577 ]
[71]
Sugamata, W.; Nakamura, T.; Uematsu, M.; Kitta, Y.; Fujioka, D.; Saito, Y.; Kawabata, K.; Obata, J.E.; Watanabe, Y.; Watanabe, K.; Kugiyama, K. Combined assessment of flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity improves the prediction of future coronary events in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. J. Cardiol., 2014, 64(3), 179-184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2014.01.004] [PMID: 24556367 ]
[72]
Ludmer, P.L.; Selwyn, A.P.; Shook, T.L.; Wayne, R.R.; Mudge, G.H.; Alexander, R.W.; Ganz, P. Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N. Engl. J. Med., 1986, 315(17), 1046-1051.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198610233151702] [PMID: 3093861 ]
[73]
el-Tamimi, H.; Mansour, M.; Wargovich, T.J.; Hill, J.A.; Kerensky, R.A.; Conti, C.R.; Pepine, C.J. Constrictor and dilator responses to intracoronary acetylcholine in adjacent segments of the same coronary artery in patients with coronary artery disease. Endothelial function revisited. Circulation, 1994, 89(1), 45-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.89.1.45] [PMID: 8281679 ]
[74]
Asselbergs, F.W.; Monnink, S.H.; Veeger, N.J.; van Boven, A.J.; van Haelst, P.L.; Jessurun, G.A.; van Gilst, W.H.; Tio, R.A. Coronary vasomotor response is related to the angiographic extent of coronary sclerosis in patients with stable angina pectoris. Clin. Sci. (Lond.), 2004, 106(2), 115-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20030215] [PMID: 12956627 ]
[75]
Tousoulis, D.; Tentolouris, C.; Crake, T.; Stefanadis, C.; Toutouzas, P.; Davies, G. Evidence of partially preserved endothelial dilator function in diseased coronary arteries. Heart, 1999, 82(4), 471-476.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.82.4.471] [PMID: 10490563 ]
[76]
Schächinger, V.; Britten, M.B.; Zeiher, A.M. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation, 2000, 101(16), 1899-1906.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.16.1899] [PMID: 10779454 ]
[77]
Heitzer, T.; Schlinzig, T.; Krohn, K.; Meinertz, T.; Münzel, T. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation, 2001, 104(22), 2673-2678.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hc4601.099485] [PMID: 11723017 ]
[78]
Suwaidi, J.A.; Hamasaki, S.; Higano, S.T.; Nishimura, R.A.; Holmes, D.R., Jr; Lerman, A. Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation, 2000, 101(9), 948-954.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.9.948] [PMID: 10704159 ]
[79]
Halcox, J.P.; Schenke, W.H.; Zalos, G.; Mincemoyer, R.; Prasad, A.; Waclawiw, M.A.; Nour, K.R.; Quyyumi, A.A. Prognostic value of coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circulation, 2002, 106(6), 653-658.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000025404.78001.D8] [PMID: 12163423 ]
[80]
Targonski, P.V.; Bonetti, P.O.; Pumper, G.M.; Higano, S.T.; Holmes, D.R. Jr.; Lerman, A. Coronary endothelial dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular events. Circulation, 2003, 107(22), 2805-2809.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000072765.93106.EE] [PMID: 12771004 ]
[81]
Lavi, S.; Bae, J.H.; Rihal, C.S.; Prasad, A.; Barsness, G.W.; Lennon, R.J.; Holmes, D.R. Jr.; Lerman, A. Segmental coronary endothelial dysfunction in patients with minimal atherosclerosis is associated with necrotic core plaques. Heart, 2009, 95(18), 1525-1530.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2009.166017] [PMID: 19497916 ]
[82]
Puri, R.; Leong, D.P.; Nicholls, S.J.; Liew, G.Y.; Nelson, A.J.; Carbone, A.; Copus, B.; Wong, D.T.; Beltrame, J.F.; Worthley, S.G.; Worthley, M.I. Coronary artery wall shear stress is associated with endothelial dysfunction and expansive arterial remodelling in patients with coronary artery disease. EuroIntervention, 2015, 10(12), 1440-1448.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/EIJV10I12A249] [PMID: 24425248 ]
[83]
Oikonomou, E.; Psaltopoulou, T.; Georgiopoulos, G.; Siasos, G.; Kokkou, E.; Antonopoulos, A.; Vogiatzi, G.; Tsalamandris, S.; Gennimata, V.; Papanikolaou, A.; Tousoulis, D. Western dietary pattern is associated with severe coronary artery disease. Angiology, 2018, 69(4), 339-346.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319717721603] [PMID: 28731359 ]
[84]
Chrysohoou, C.; Skoumas, J.; Pitsavos, C.; Masoura, C.; Siasos, G.; Galiatsatos, N.; Psaltopoulou, T.; Mylonakis, C.; Margazas, A.; Kyvelou, S.; Mamatas, S.; Panagiotakos, D.; Stefanadis, C. Long-term adherence to the Mediterranean diet reduces the prevalence of hyperuricaemia in elderly individuals, without known cardiovascular disease: the Ikaria study. Maturitas, 2011, 70(1), 58-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.06.003] [PMID: 21724344 ]
[85]
Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Tsigkou, V.; Kokkou, E.; Oikonomou, E.; Vavuranakis, M.; Basdra, E.K.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Stefanadis, C. Flavonoids in atherosclerosis: an overview of their mechanisms of action. Curr. Med. Chem., 2013, 20(21), 2641-2660.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867311320210003] [PMID: 23627935 ]
[86]
Papageorgiou, N.; Tousoulis, D.; Katsargyris, A.; Charakida, M.; Androulakis, E.; Siasos, G.; Tentolouris, C.; Stefanadis, C. Antioxidant treatment and endothelial dysfunction: is it time for flavonoids? Recent Pat. Cardiovasc. Drug Discov., 2013, 8(2), 81-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/15748901113089990018] [PMID: 23952809 ]
[87]
Horn, P.; Amabile, N.; Angeli, F.S.; Sansone, R.; Stegemann, B.; Kelm, M.; Springer, M.L.; Yeghiazarians, Y.; Schroeter, H.; Heiss, C. Dietary flavanol intervention lowers the levels of endothelial microparticles in coronary artery disease patients. Br. J. Nutr., 2014, 111(7), 1245-1252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513003693] [PMID: 24286443 ]
[88]
Enseleit, F.; Sudano, I.; Périat, D.; Winnik, S.; Wolfrum, M.; Flammer, A.J.; Fröhlich, G.M.; Kaiser, P.; Hirt, A.; Haile, S.R.; Krasniqi, N.; Matter, C.M.; Uhlenhut, K.; Högger, P.; Neidhart, M.; Lüscher, T.F.; Ruschitzka, F.; Noll, G. Effects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Eur. Heart J., 2012, 33(13), 1589-1597.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr482] [PMID: 22240497 ]
[89]
Duffy, S.J.; Keaney, J.F., Jr; Holbrook, M.; Gokce, N.; Swerdloff, P.L.; Frei, B.; Vita, J.A. Short- and long-term black tea consumption reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation, 2001, 104(2), 151-156.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.104.2.151] [PMID: 11447078 ]
[90]
Lekakis, J.; Rallidis, L.S.; Andreadou, I.; Vamvakou, G.; Kazantzoglou, G.; Magiatis, P.; Skaltsounis, A.L.; Kremastinos, D.T. Polyphenolic compounds from red grapes acutely improve endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil., 2005, 12(6), 596-600.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00149831-200512000-00013] [PMID: 16319551 ]
[91]
Farouque, H.M.; Leung, M.; Hope, S.A.; Baldi, M.; Schechter, C.; Cameron, J.D.; Meredith, I.T. Acute and chronic effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in subjects with coronary artery disease: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Clin. Sci. (Lond.), 2006, 111(1), 71-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20060048] [PMID: 16551272 ]
[92]
Mellen, P.B.; Daniel, K.R.; Brosnihan, K.B.; Hansen, K.J.; Herrington, D.M. Effect of muscadine grape seed supplementation on vascular function in subjects with or at risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized crossover trial. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 2010, 29(5), 469-475.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2010.10719883] [PMID: 21504973 ]
[93]
Dohadwala, M.M.; Holbrook, M.; Hamburg, N.M.; Shenouda, S.M.; Chung, W.B.; Titas, M.; Kluge, M.A.; Wang, N.; Palmisano, J.; Milbury, P.E.; Blumberg, J.B.; Vita, J.A. Effects of cranberry juice consumption on vascular function in patients with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2011, 93(5), 934-940.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.004242] [PMID: 21411615 ]
[94]
Warnholtz, A.; Wild, P.; Ostad, M.A.; Elsner, V.; Stieber, F.; Schinzel, R.; Walter, U.; Peetz, D.; Lackner, K.; Blankenberg, S.; Munzel, T. Effects of oral niacin on endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease: results of the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled INEF study. Atherosclerosis, 2009, 204(1), 216-221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.08.003] [PMID: 18822413 ]
[95]
Philpott, A.C.; Hubacek, J.; Sun, Y.C.; Hillard, D.; Anderson, T.J. Niacin improves lipid profile but not endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease on high dose statin therapy. Atherosclerosis, 2013, 226(2), 453-458.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.067] [PMID: 23174368 ]
[96]
Tousoulis, D.; Antoniades, C.; Vasiliadou, C.; Kourtellaris, P.; Koniari, K.; Marinou, K.; Charakida, M.; Ntarladimas, I.; Siasos, G.; Stefanadis, C. Effects of atorvastatin and vitamin C on forearm hyperaemic blood flow, asymmentrical dimethylarginine levels and the inflammatory process in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heart, 2007, 93(2), 244-246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2006.093112] [PMID: 16914485 ]
[97]
Gokce, N.; Keaney, J.F., Jr; Frei, B.; Holbrook, M.; Olesiak, M.; Zachariah, B.J.; Leeuwenburgh, C.; Heinecke, J.W.; Vita, J.A. Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation, 1999, 99(25), 3234-3240.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.25.3234] [PMID: 10385496 ]
[98]
Levine, G.N.; Frei, B.; Koulouris, S.N.; Gerhard, M.D.; Keaney, J.F. Jr.; Vita, J.A. Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation, 1996, 93(6), 1107-1113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.6.1107] [PMID: 8653830 ]
[99]
Ling, L.; Zhao, S.P.; Gao, M.; Zhou, Q.C.; Li, Y.L.; Xia, B. Vitamin C preserves endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease after a high-fat meal. Clin. Cardiol., 2002, 25(5), 219-224.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.4950250505] [PMID: 12018880 ]
[100]
Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Oikonomou, E.; Maniatis, K.; Kioufis, S.; Kokkou, E.; Miliou, A.; Zaromitidou, M.; Kassi, E.; Stefanadis, C. Vitamin D serum levels are associated with cardiovascular outcome in coronary artery disease. Int. J. Cardiol., 2013, 168(4), 4445-4447.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.151] [PMID: 23896541 ]
[101]
Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Oikonomou, E.; Maniatis, K.; Kioufis, S.; Kokkou, E.; Vavuranakis, M.; Zaromitidou, M.; Kassi, E.; Miliou, A.; Stefanadis, C. Vitamin D3, D2 and arterial wall properties in coronary artery disease. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2014, 20(37), 5914-5918.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666140619122937] [PMID: 24947585 ]
[102]
Syal, S.K.; Kapoor, A.; Bhatia, E.; Sinha, A.; Kumar, S.; Tewari, S.; Garg, N.; Goel, P.K. Vitamin D deficiency, coronary artery disease, and endothelial dysfunction: observations from a coronary angiographic study in Indian patients. J. Invasive Cardiol., 2012, 24(8), 385-389.
[PMID: 22865308 ]
[103]
Doshi, S.; McDowell, I.; Moat, S.; Lewis, M.; Goodfellow, J. Folate improves endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2003, 41(11), 1505-1512.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2003.231] [PMID: 14656033 ]
[104]
Tousoulis, D.; Kourkouti, P.; Antoniades, C.; Briasoulis, A.; Siasos, G.; Vogiatzi, G.; Valatsou, A.; Oikonomou, E.; Hatzis, G.; Latsios, G.; Perrea, D. Impact of folic acid administration in homocysteine levels, inflammation and in atherosclerotic plaque area in apoE deficient mice. Int. J. Cardiol., 2014, 177(2), 696-697.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.09.147] [PMID: 25449486 ]
[105]
Doshi, S.N.; McDowell, I.F.; Moat, S.J.; Payne, N.; Durrant, H.J.; Lewis, M.J.; Goodfellow, J. Folic acid improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease via mechanisms largely independent of homocysteine lowering. Circulation, 2002, 105(1), 22-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hc0102.101388] [PMID: 11772871 ]
[106]
Liu, Y.; Tian, T.; Zhang, H.; Gao, L.; Zhou, X. The effect of homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid on flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis, 2014, 235(1), 31-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.032] [PMID: 24814647 ]
[107]
Shechter, M.; Sharir, M.; Labrador, M.J.; Forrester, J.; Silver, B.; Bairey Merz, C.N. Oral magnesium therapy improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation, 2000, 102(19), 2353-2358.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.19.2353] [PMID: 11067788 ]
[108]
Schnabel, R.; Lubos, E.; Messow, C.M. Selenium supplementation improves antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo in patients with coronary artery disease The SElenium Therapy in Coronary Artery disease Patients (SETCAP) Study. Am. Heart J., 2008, 156(1201), e1-e11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.09.004] [PMID: 19033020 ]
[109]
Maxwell, A.J.; Zapien, M.P.; Pearce, G.L.; MacCallum, G.; Stone, P.H. Randomized trial of a medical food for the dietary management of chronic, stable angina. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2002, 39(1), 37-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01708-9] [PMID: 11755284 ]
[110]
Adams, M.R.; McCredie, R.; Jessup, W.; Robinson, J.; Sullivan, D.; Celermajer, D.S. Oral L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent dilatation and reduces monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in young men with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis, 1997, 129(2), 261-269.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(96)06044-3] [PMID: 9105569 ]
[111]
Blum, A.; Hathaway, L.; Mincemoyer, R.; Schenke, W.H.; Kirby, M.; Csako, G.; Waclawiw, M.A.; Panza, J.A.; Cannon, R.O. III Oral L-arginine in patients with coronary artery disease on medical management. Circulation, 2000, 101(18), 2160-2164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.18.2160] [PMID: 10801756 ]
[112]
Verveniotis, A.; Siasos, G.; Oikonomou, E.; Tsigkou, V.; Papageorgiou, N.; Zaromitidou, M.; Psaltopoulou, T.; Marinos, G.; Deftereos, S.; Vavuranakis, M.; Stefanadis, C.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Tousoulis, D. The impact of omega 3 fatty acids in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness: An overview of their actions. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2018, 24(17), 1865-1872.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180321095022] [PMID: 29564974 ]
[113]
Tousoulis, D.; Plastiras, A.; Siasos, G.; Oikonomou, E.; Verveniotis, A.; Kokkou, E.; Maniatis, K.; Gouliopoulos, N.; Miliou, A.; Paraskevopoulos, T.; Stefanadis, C. Omega-3 PUFAs improved endothelial function and arterial stiffness with a parallel antiinflammatory effect in adults with metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis, 2014, 232(1), 10-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.014] [PMID: 24401211 ]
[114]
Sawada, T.; Tsubata, H.; Hashimoto, N.; Takabe, M.; Miyata, T.; Aoki, K.; Yamashita, S.; Oishi, S.; Osue, T.; Yokoi, K.; Tsukishiro, Y.; Onishi, T.; Shimane, A.; Taniguchi, Y.; Yasaka, Y.; Ohara, T.; Kawai, H.; Yokoyama, M. Effects of 6-month eicosapentaenoic acid treatment on postprandial hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin secretion ability, and concomitant endothelial dysfunction among newly-diagnosed impaired glucose metabolism patients with coronary artery disease. An open label, single blinded, prospective randomized controlled trial. Cardiovasc. Diabetol., 2016, 15(1), 121.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-016-0437-y] [PMID: 27565734 ]
[115]
Toyama, K.; Nishioka, T.; Isshiki, A.; Ando, T.; Inoue, Y.; Kirimura, M.; Kamiyama, T.; Sasaki, O.; Ito, H.; Maruyama, Y.; Yoshimoto, N. Eicosapentaenoic Acid combined with optimal statin therapy improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 2014, 28(1), 53-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10557-013-6496-3] [PMID: 24158248 ]
[116]
Wu, Y.; Li, S.; Cui, W.; Zu, X.; Wang, F.; Du, J. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease: role of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Planta Med., 2007, 73(7), 624-628.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-981536] [PMID: 17564952 ]
[117]
Vogiatzi, G.; Oikonomou, E.; Siasos, G.; Tsalamandris, S.; Briasoulis, A.; Androulakis, E.; Latsios, G.; Papaioannou, S.; Tsioufis, K.; Tousoulis, D. Statins and inflammation in cardiovascular disease. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666171009141201] [PMID: 28990524 ]
[118]
Tsigkou, V.; Siasos, G.; Mpletsa, E.; Panoilia, M.P.; Papastavrou, A.; Kokosias, G.; Oikonomou, E.; Zaromitidou, M.; Vavuranakis, M.; Stefanadis, C.; Tousoulis, D. Statins in aortic disease. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2017.
[PMID: 29141531 ]
[119]
Frick, M.; Alber, H.F.; Hügel, H.; Schwarzacher, S.P.; Pachinger, O.; Weidinger, F. Short- and long-term changes of flow-mediated vasodilation in patients under statin therapy. Clin. Cardiol., 2002, 25(6), 291-294.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960250610] [PMID: 12058793 ]
[120]
Järvisalo, M.J.; Toikka, J.O.; Vasankari, T.; Mikkola, J.; Viikari, J.S.; Hartiala, J.J.; Raitakari, O.T. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors are related to improved systemic endothelial function in coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis, 1999, 147(2), 237-242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00189-6] [PMID: 10559508 ]
[121]
Chen, H.; Ren, J.Y.; Xing, Y.; Zhang, W.L.; Liu, X.; Wu, P.; Wang, R.J.; Luo, Y. Short-term withdrawal of simvastatin induces endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease: a dose-response effect dependent on endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Int. J. Cardiol., 2009, 131(3), 313-320.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.10.044] [PMID: 18221806 ]
[122]
Bae, J.H.; Bassenge, E.; Kim, K.Y.; Synn, Y.C.; Park, K.R.; Schwemmer, M. Effects of low-dose atorvastatin on vascular responses in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 9(3), 185-192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107424840400900306] [PMID: 15378139 ]
[123]
Fathi, R.; Haluska, B.; Short, L.; Marwick, T.H. A randomized trial of aggressive lipid reduction for improvement of myocardial ischemia, symptom status, and vascular function in patients with coronary artery disease not amenable to intervention. Am. J. Med., 2003, 114(6), 445-453.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00052-4] [PMID: 12727577 ]
[124]
Dupuis, J.; Tardif, J.C.; Rouleau, J.L.; Ricci, J.; Arnold, M.; Lonn, E.; Roux, R.; Title, L.M.; Amyot, R.; Bonafede, N.; Woo, A.; Cannon, C.P. Intensity of lipid lowering with statins and brachial artery vascular endothelium reactivity after acute coronary syndromes (from the BRAVER trial). Am. J. Cardiol., 2005, 96(9), 1207-1213.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.06.057] [PMID: 16253583 ]
[125]
Vita, J.A.; Yeung, A.C.; Winniford, M.; Hodgson, J.M.; Treasure, C.B.; Klein, J.L.; Werns, S.; Kern, M.; Plotkin, D.; Shih, W.J.; Mitchel, Y.; Ganz, P. Effect of cholesterol-lowering therapy on coronary endothelial vasomotor function in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation, 2000, 102(8), 846-851.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.8.846] [PMID: 10952951 ]
[126]
Dai, Y.L.; Luk, T.H.; Siu, C.W.; Yiu, K.H.; Chan, H.T.; Lee, S.W.; Li, S.W.; Tam, S.; Fong, B.; Lau, C.P.; Tse, H.F. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by statin contributes to endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc. Toxicol., 2010, 10(2), 130-138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12012-010-9071-1] [PMID: 20383667 ]
[127]
Androulakis, E.; Zacharia, E.; Papageorgiou, N.; Lioudaki, E.; Bertsias, D.; Charakida, M.; Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D. High-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein therapeutic approaches in acute coronary syndromes. Curr. Cardiol. Rev., 2017, 13(3), 168-182.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573403X13666170209145622] [PMID: 28190386]
[128]
Nakamura, T.; Hirano, M.; Kitta, Y.; Fujioka, D.; Saito, Y.; Kawabata, K.; Obata, J.E.; Watanabe, Y.; Watanabe, K.; Kugiyama, K. A comparison of the efficacy of combined ezetimibe and statin therapy with doubling of statin dose in patients with remnant lipoproteinemia on previous statin therapy. J. Cardiol., 2012, 60(1), 12-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.02.005] [PMID: 22445441 ]
[129]
Yunoki, K.; Nakamura, K.; Miyoshi, T.; Enko, K.; Kubo, M.; Murakami, M.; Hata, Y.; Kohno, K.; Morita, H.; Kusano, K.F.; Ito, H. Impact of hypertriglyceridemia on endothelial dysfunction during statin ± ezetimibe therapy in patients with coronary heart disease. Am. J. Cardiol., 2011, 108(3), 333-339.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.03.049] [PMID: 21545981 ]
[130]
Siasos, G.; Mourouzis, K.; Oikonomou, E.; Vavuranakis, M.; Vogiatzi, G.; Briasoulis, A.; Papageorgiou, N.; Papaioannou, T.G.; Zografos, T.; Papapanagiotou, A.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Stefanadis, C.; Tousoulis, D. Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after coronary stenting. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2016, 22(29), 4583-4595.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160720144139] [PMID: 27510478 ]
[131]
Tousoulis, D.; Siasos, G.; Stefanadis, C. Aspirin resistance: what the cardiologist needs to know? Int. J. Cardiol., 2009, 132(2), 153-156.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.12.074] [PMID: 19167101 ]
[132]
Bulut, D.; Becker, V.; Mügge, A. Acetylsalicylate reduces endothelial and platelet-derived microparticles in patients with coronary artery disease. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2011, 89(4), 239-244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y11-013] [PMID: 21539467 ]
[133]
Siasos, G.; Oikonomou, E.; Vavuranakis, M.; Kokkou, E.; Mourouzis, K.; Tsalamandris, S.; Zaromitidou, M.; Kioufis, S.; Tsigkou, V.; Deftereos, S.; Stefanadis, C.; Tousoulis, D. Genotyping, platelet activation, and cardiovascular outcome in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: two pieces of the puzzle of clopidogrel resistance. Cardiology, 2017, 137(2), 104-113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000457947] [PMID: 28329746 ]
[134]
Siasos, G.; Zaromitidou, M.; Oikonomou, E.; Mourouzis, K.; Tsalamandris, S.; Kioufis, S.; Kokkou, E.; Vavuranakis, M.; Zografos, T.; Antonopoulos, A.; Dimitropoulos, S.; Stefanadis, C.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Tousoulis, D. Effects of CYP2C19 polymorphism on endothelial function, arterial stiffness and inflammation in coronary artery disease patients under clopidogrel treatment. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2015, 21(34), 5041-5046.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612821666150827124459] [PMID: 26311225 ]
[135]
Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Stefanadis, C. Multiple mechanisms affect the clopidogrel response. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2009, 53(10), 900-901.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.09.062] [PMID: 19264256 ]
[136]
Warnholtz, A.; Ostad, M.A.; Velich, N.; Trautmann, C.; Schinzel, R.; Walter, U.; Munzel, T. A single loading dose of clopidogrel causes dose-dependent improvement of endothelial dysfunction in patients with stable coronary artery disease: results of a double-blind, randomized study. Atherosclerosis, 2008, 196(2), 689-695.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.12.009] [PMID: 17214996 ]
[137]
Siasos, G.; Oikonomou, E.; Zaromitidou, M.; Kioufis, S.; Kokkou, E.; Mourouzis, K.; Vlasis, K.; Vavuranakis, M.; Stone, P.H.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Tousoulis, D. Clopidogrel response variability is associated with endothelial dysfunction in coronary artery disease patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy. Atherosclerosis, 2015, 242(1), 102-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.009] [PMID: 26188531 ]
[138]
Ramadan, R.; Dhawan, S.S.; Syed, H.; Pohlel, F.K.; Binongo, J.N.; Ghazzal, Z.B.; Quyyumi, A.A. Effects of clopidogrel therapy on oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular function, and progenitor cells in stable coronary artery disease. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 2014, 63(4), 369-374.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000000057] [PMID: 24336012 ]
[139]
Ostad, M.A.; Nick, E.; Paixao-Gatinho, V.; Schnorbus, B.; Schiewe, R.; Tschentscher, P.; Munzel, T.; Warnholtz, A. Lack of evidence for pleiotropic effects of clopidogrel on endothelial function and inflammation in patients with stable coronary artery disease: results of the double-blind, randomized CASSANDRA study. Clin. Res. Cardiol., 2011, 100(1), 29-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00392-010-0199-6] [PMID: 20644943 ]
[140]
Papageorgiou, N.; Zacharia, E.; Ioannou, A.; Rehal, O.; Zacharias, K.; Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D. Novel anti-platelets in stable coronary artery disease. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2016, 22(29), 4537-4567.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160617125308] [PMID: 27319946 ]
[141]
Tsigkou, V.; Siasos, G.; Rovos, K.; Tripyla, N.; Tousoulis, D. Peripheral artery disease and antiplatelet treatment. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 2018, 39, 43-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2018.01.011] [PMID: 29471161 ]
[142]
Mori, H.; Maeda, A.; Wakabayashi, K.; Sato, T.; Sasai, M.; Tashiro, K.; Iso, Y.; Ebato, M.; Suzuki, H. The effect of cilostazol on endothelial function as assessed by flow-mediated dilation in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 2016, 23(10), 1168-1177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5551/jat.32912] [PMID: 27169919 ]
[143]
Androulakis, E.; Tousoulis, D.; Papageorgiou, N.; Latsios, G.; Siasos, G.; Stefanadis, C. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in essential hypertension. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2012, 12(10), 1149-1158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026611208011149] [PMID: 22519445 ]
[144]
Bots, M.L.; Remme, W.J.; Lüscher, T.F.; Fox, K.M.; Bertrand, M.; Ferrari, R.; Simoons, M.L.; Grobbee, D.E. EUROPA-PERFECT investigators. ACE inhibition and endothelial function: main findings of PERFECT, a sub-study of the EUROPA trial. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 2007, 21(4), 269-279.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10557-007-6041-3] [PMID: 17657599 ]
[145]
Koh, K.K.; Bui, M.N.; Hathaway, L.; Csako, G.; Waclawiw, M.A.; Panza, J.A.; Cannon, R.O., III Mechanism by which quinapril improves vascular function in coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol., 1999, 83(3), 327-331.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00862-5] [PMID: 10072217 ]
[146]
Mancini, G.B.; Henry, G.C.; Macaya, C.; O’Neill, B.J.; Pucillo, A.L.; Carere, R.G.; Wargovich, T.J.; Mudra, H.; Lüscher, T.F.; Klibaner, M.I.; Haber, H.E.; Uprichard, A.C.; Pepine, C.J.; Pitt, B. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril improves endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. The TREND (Trial on Reversing ENdothelial Dysfunction) Study. Circulation, 1996, 94(3), 258-265.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.94.3.258] [PMID: 8759064 ]
[147]
Perrone-Filardi, P.; Corrado, L.; Brevetti, G.; Silvestro, A.; Dellegrottaglie, S.; Cafiero, M.; Caiazzo, G.; Petretta, A.; Maglione, A.; Monda, C.; Guerra, G.; Marzano, A.; Cesarano, P.; Gargiulo, P.; Chiariello, M. Effects of AT1 receptor antagonism with candesartan on endothelial function in patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease. J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich), 2009, 11(5), 260-265.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00108.x] [PMID: 19534023 ]
[148]
Pelliccia, F.; Pasceri, V.; Cianfrocca, C.; Vitale, C.; Speciale, G.; Gaudio, C.; Rosano, G.M.; Mercuro, G. Angiotensin II receptor antagonism with telmisartan increases number of endothelial progenitor cells in normotensive patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Atherosclerosis, 2010, 210(2), 510-515.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.12.005] [PMID: 20044087 ]
[149]
Warnholtz, A.; Ostad, M.A.; Heitzer, T.; Thuneke, F.; Fröhlich, M.; Tschentscher, P.; Schwedhelm, E.; Böger, R.; Meinertz, T.; Munzel, T. AT1-receptor blockade with irbesartan improves peripheral but not coronary endothelial dysfunction in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis, 2007, 194(2), 439-445.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.034] [PMID: 16970950 ]
[150]
Sudano, I.; Naegele, M.; Roas, S.; Périat, D.; Frank, M.; Kouroedov, A.; Noll, G.; Lüscher, T.F.; Enseleit, F.; Ruschitzka, F.; Flammer, A.J. Vascular effects of eplerenone in coronary artery disease with preserved ejection fraction: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Cardiol., 2016, 39(5), 285-290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.22528] [PMID: 26991772 ]
[151]
Anderson, T.J.; Elstein, E.; Haber, H.; Charbonneau, F. Comparative study of ACE-inhibition, angiotensin II antagonism, and calcium channel blockade on flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with coronary disease (BANFF study). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2000, 35(1), 60-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00537-9] [PMID: 10636260 ]
[152]
Lai, J.; Wu, B.; Sun, J.; Shang, Y.; Zhu, J. Long-term isosorbide mononitrate treatment impairs endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Coron. Artery Dis., 2013, 24(7), 566-571.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000029] [PMID: 23994882 ]
[153]
Azevedo, E.R.; Schofield, A.M.; Kelly, S.; Parker, J.D. Nitroglycerin withdrawal increases endothelium-dependent vasomotor response to acetylcholine. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2001, 37(2), 505-509.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01140-2] [PMID: 11216970 ]
[154]
Sekiya, M.; Sato, M.; Funada, J.; Ohtani, T.; Akutsu, H.; Watanabe, K. Effects of the long-term administration of nicorandil on vascular endothelial function and the progression of arteriosclerosis. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 2005, 46(1), 63-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.fjc.0000162771.00174.a8] [PMID: 15965356 ]
[155]
Belhassen, L.; Carville, C.; Pelle, G.; Sediame, S.; Benacerraf, S.; Dubois-Randé, J.L.; Adnot, S. Molsidomine improves flow-dependent vasodilation in brachial arteries of patients with coronary artery disease. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 2000, 35(4), 560-563.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005344-200004000-00008] [PMID: 10774786 ]
[156]
Dubois-Rande, J.L.; Dupouy, P.; Geschwind, H.; Castaigne, A.; Adnot, S. Intracoronary linsidomine abolishes acetylcholine-induced vasoconstriction of epicardial coronary arteries. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 1993, 22(3), 462-467.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005344-199309000-00018] [PMID: 7504139 ]
[157]
Rehberger-Likozar, A.; Šebeštjen, M. Influence of trimetazidine and ranolazine on endothelial function in patients with ischemic heart disease. Coron. Artery Dis., 2015, 26(8), 651-656.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000272] [PMID: 26049922 ]
[158]
Lin, Z.P.; Dong, M.; Liu, J. Bisoprolol improved endothelial function and myocardium survival of hypertension with stable angina: a randomized double-blinded trial. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 2013, 17(6), 794-801.
[PMID: 23609363 ]
[159]
Lekakis, J.P.; Protogerou, A.; Papamichael, C.; Vamvakou, G.; Ikonomidis, I.; Fici, F.; Mavrikakis, M. Effect of nebivolol and atenolol on brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 2005, 19(4), 277-281.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10557-005-3117-9] [PMID: 16187009 ]
[160]
Matsuda, Y.; Akita, H.; Terashima, M.; Shiga, N.; Kanazawa, K.; Yokoyama, M. Carvedilol improves endothelium-dependent dilatation in patients with coronary artery disease. Am. Heart J., 2000, 140(5), 753-759.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2000.110093] [PMID: 11054621 ]
[161]
Takase, B.; Hamabe, A.; Satomura, K.; Akima, T.; Uehata, A.; Ohsuzu, F.; Ishihara, M.; Kurita, A. Beneficial effects of nifedipine on vasodilator response to acetylcholine in coronary and brachial arteries in the patients with coronary artery disease. Int. J. Cardiol., 2006, 113(3), 305-310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.10.031] [PMID: 16386809 ]
[162]
Lüscher, T.F.; Pieper, M.; Tendera, M.; Vrolix, M.; Rutsch, W.; van den Branden, F.; Gil, R.; Bischoff, K.O.; Haude, M.; Fischer, D.; Meinertz, T.; Münzel, T. A randomized placebo-controlled study on the effect of nifedipine on coronary endothelial function and plaque formation in patients with coronary artery disease: the ENCORE II study. Eur. Heart J., 2009, 30(13), 1590-1597.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp151] [PMID: 19474053 ]
[163]
Bae, J.H.; Bassenge, E.; Lim, D.M.; Synn, Y.C.; Kim, K.Y.; Schwemmer, M. Effects of lacidipine on vascular responses in patients with coronary artery disease. Int. J. Cardiol., 2005, 101(3), 377-383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.03.046] [PMID: 15907404 ]
[164]
Tousoulis, D.; Papageorgiou, N.; Androulakis, E.; Siasos, G.; Latsios, G.; Tentolouris, K.; Stefanadis, C. Diabetes mellitus-associated vascular impairment: novel circulating biomarkers and therapeutic approaches. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2013, 62(8), 667-676.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.089] [PMID: 23948511]
[165]
Antonopoulos, A.S.; Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D. Microangiopathy, arterial stiffness, and risk stratification in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA Cardiol., 2017, 2(7), 820-821.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0159] [PMID: 28297006 ]
[166]
Gouliopoulos, N.; Antonopoulos, A.S.; Siasos, G.; Moschos, M.M.; Oikonomou, E.; Kassi, E.; Tousoulis, D. Macrovascular function indices for the prediction of diabetic retinopathy development in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., 2017, 24(13), 1405-1407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487317717823] [PMID: 28657342 ]
[167]
Siasos, G.; Gouliopoulos, N.; Moschos, M.M.; Oikonomou, E.; Kollia, C.; Konsola, T.; Athanasiou, D.; Siasou, G.; Mourouzis, K.; Zisimos, K.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Stefanadis, C.; Tousoulis, D. Role of endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care, 2015, 38(1), e9-e10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc14-1741] [PMID: 25538324 ]
[168]
Emoto, T.; Sawada, T.; Hashimoto, M.; Kageyama, H.; Terashita, D.; Mizoguchi, T.; Mizuguchi, T.; Motodi, Y.; Iwasaki, M.; Taira, K.; Okamoto, H.; Matsuo, Y.; Kim, S.K.; Takarada, A.; Yokoyama, M. Effect of 3-month repeated administration of miglitol on vascular endothelial function in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol., 2012, 109(1), 42-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.08.005] [PMID: 21944671 ]
[169]
Sawada, T.; Shiotani, H.; Terashita, D.; Nagasawa, Y.; Kim, S.S.; Koide, M.; Yokoyama, M. Comparison of effects of α-Glucosidase inhibitors and glinide drugs on endothelial dysfunction in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Circ. J., 2014, 78(1), 248-255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-13-0918] [PMID: 24225338 ]
[170]
Rizza, S.; Cardellini, M.; Porzio, O.; Pecchioli, C.; Savo, A.; Cardolini, I.; Senese, N.; Lauro, D.; Sbraccia, P.; Lauro, R.; Federici, M. Pioglitazone improves endothelial and adipose tissue dysfunction in pre-diabetic CAD subjects. Atherosclerosis, 2011, 215(1), 180-183.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.12.021] [PMID: 21255780 ]
[171]
Nyström, T.; Gutniak, M.K.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, F.; Holst, J.J.; Ahrén, B.; Sjöholm, A. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with stable coronary artery disease. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2004, 287(6), E1209-E1215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00237.2004] [PMID: 15353407 ]
[172]
Kassi, E.; Spilioti, E.; Nasiri-Ansari, N.; Adamopoulos, C.; Moutsatsou, P.; Papapanagiotou, A.; Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Papavassiliou, A.G. Vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis: the role of estrogen receptors. Curr. Med. Chem., 2015, 22(22), 2651-2665.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867322666150608093607] [PMID: 26051413 ]
[173]
Collins, P.; Rosano, G.M.; Sarrel, P.M.; Ulrich, L.; Adamopoulos, S.; Beale, C.M.; McNeill, J.G.; Poole-Wilson, P.A. 17 beta-Estradiol attenuates acetylcholine-induced coronary arterial constriction in women but not men with coronary heart disease. Circulation, 1995, 92(1), 24-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.92.1.24] [PMID: 7788912 ]
[174]
Merz, C.N.; Olson, M.B.; McClure, C.; Yang, Y.C.; Symons, J.; Sopko, G.; Kelsey, S.F.; Handberg, E.; Johnson, B.D.; Cooper-DeHoff, R.M.; Sharaf, B.; Rogers, W.J.; Pepine, C.J. A randomized controlled trial of low-dose hormone therapy on myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women with no obstructive coronary artery disease: results from the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). Am. Heart J., 2010, 159(987), e1-e7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2010.03.024] [PMID: 20569710 ]
[175]
Yeboah, J.; Reboussin, D.M.; Waters, D.; Kowalchuk, G.; Herrington, D.M. Effects of estrogen replacement with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on brachial flow-mediated vasodilator responses in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Am. Heart J., 2007, 153(3), 439-444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2006.11.006] [PMID: 17307425 ]
[176]
Siasos, G.; Chrysohoou, C.; Tousoulis, D.; Oikonomou, E.; Panagiotakos, D.; Zaromitidou, M.; Zisimos, K.; Marinos, G.; Mazaris, S.; Kampaksis, M.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Pitsavos, C.; Stefanadis, C. The impact of physical activity on endothelial function in middle-aged and elderly subjects: the Ikaria study. Hellenic J. Cardiol., 2013, 54(2), 94-101.
[PMID: 23557608 ]
[177]
Siasos, G.; Athanasiou, D.; Terzis, G.; Stasinaki, A.; Oikonomou, E.; Tsitkanou, S.; Kolokytha, T.; Spengos, K.; Papavassiliou, A.G.; Tousoulis, D. Acute effects of different types of aerobic exercise on endothelial function and arterial stiffness. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., 2016, 23(14), 1565-1572.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487316647185] [PMID: 27121699 ]
[178]
Cornelissen, V.A.; Onkelinx, S.; Goetschalckx, K.; Thomaes, T.; Janssens, S.; Fagard, R.; Verhamme, P.; Vanhees, L. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation improves endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilation but not by pulse amplitude tonometry. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., 2014, 21(1), 39-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487312460516] [PMID: 22962311 ]
[179]
Luk, T.H.; Dai, Y.L.; Siu, C.W.; Yiu, K.H.; Chan, H.T.; Lee, S.W.; Li, S.W.; Fong, B.; Wong, W.K.; Tam, S.; Lau, C.P.; Tse, H.F. Effect of exercise training on vascular endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., 2012, 19(4), 830-839.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741826711415679] [PMID: 21724681 ]
[180]
Steiner, S.; Niessner, A.; Ziegler, S.; Richter, B.; Seidinger, D.; Pleiner, J.; Penka, M.; Wolzt, M.; Huber, K.; Wojta, J.; Minar, E.; Kopp, C.W. Endurance training increases the number of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with cardiovascular risk and coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis, 2005, 181(2), 305-310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01.006] [PMID: 16039284 ]
[181]
Van Craenenbroeck, E.M.; Frederix, G.; Pattyn, N.; Beckers, P.; Van Craenenbroeck, A.H.; Gevaert, A.; Possemiers, N.; Cornelissen, V.; Goetschalckx, K.; Vrints, C.J.; Vanhees, L.; Hoymans, V.Y. Effects of aerobic interval training and continuous training on cellular markers of endothelial integrity in coronary artery disease: a SAINTEX-CAD substudy. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2015, 309(11), H1876-H1882.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00341.2015] [PMID: 26453327 ]
[182]
Currie, K.D.; McKelvie, R.S.; Macdonald, M.J. Flow-mediated dilation is acutely improved after high-intensity interval exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 2012, 44(11), 2057-2064.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318260ff92] [PMID: 22648341 ]
[183]
Munk, P.S.; Staal, E.M.; Butt, N.; Isaksen, K.; Larsen, A.I. High-intensity interval training may reduce in-stent restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation A randomized controlled trial evaluating the relationship to endothelial function and inflammation. Am. Heart J., 2009, 158(5), 734-741.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2009.08.021] [PMID: 19853690 ]
[184]
Vona, M.; Codeluppi, G.M.; Iannino, T.; Ferrari, E.; Bogousslavsky, J.; von Segesser, L.K. Effects of different types of exercise training followed by detraining on endothelium-dependent dilation in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Circulation, 2009, 119(12), 1601-1608.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.82173 6] [PMID: 19289636]
[185]
Walsh, J.H.; Bilsborough, W.; Maiorana, A.; Best, M.; O’Driscoll, G.J.; Taylor, R.R.; Green, D.J. Exercise training improves conduit vessel function in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Appl. Physiol., 2003, 95(1), 20-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00012.2003] [PMID: 12794092 ]