Exercise as Treatment for “Stress-Related” Mental Disorders

Antonia      Bendau; Moritz   Bruno   Petzold; Jan      Kaminski; Jens      Plag; Andreas      Ströhle
Abstract

The beneficial impact of physical activity on preventing and treating mental disorders has captured growing (research) interest. This article aims to provide a concise overview of essential evidence regarding the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of physical activity for individuals with mental disorders clustered as “stress-related” conditions. Empirical findings (e.g., longitudinalprospective studies, interventional randomized-controlled-trials, reviews, meta-analyses) regarding the effects of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of stress-related mental disorders are summarized. Furthermore, potential mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed, and recommendations regarding the use of physical activity are outlined. The majority of studies indicate good efficacy of physical activity in prospectively lowering the risk for the incidence of subsequent stress-related mental disorders as well as in the treatment of manifest disorders. Most evidence targets unipolar depressive disorder and, secondly, anxiety disorders. Research regarding posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and somatoform disorders is promising but scarce. Physical activity seems to be useful as a stand-alone-treatment as well as in combination with other psychotherapeutic or pharmacological treatments. Multiple intertwined physiological, psychological, and social mechanisms are assumed to mediate the beneficial effects. Recommendations regarding physical activity can orientate on official guidelines but should consider the individual needs and circumstances of each subject. In summary, physical activity seems to be effective in the prevention and treatment of stressrelated mental disorders and, therefore, should be fostered in healthcare-settings. Future studies are needed to clarify partly inconsistent patterns of results and to close research gaps, e.g., concerning somatoform disorders.
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Ströhle, A. Sports psychiatry: Mental health and mental disorders in athletes and exercise treatment of mental disorders. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.,  2019, 269(5), 485-498.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0891-5] [PMID:  29564546]

[2]
Stubbs, B.; Rosenbaum, S. Eds.; Exercise Based Interventions for Mental Illness: Physical Activity as Part of Clinical Treatment; Elsevier: Academic Press: London, 2018. 

[3]
Bendau, A.; Petzold, M.B.; Ströhle, A. Movement, physical activity and sport in the development and treatment of mental illnesses.In:Sportpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie; Ströhle, A., Ed.; Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. 

[4]
Kennis, M.; Gerritsen, L.; van Dalen, M.; Williams, A.; Cuijpers, P.; Bockting, C. Prospective biomarkers of major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol. Psychiatry,  2020, 25(2), 321-338.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0585-z] [PMID:  31745238]

[5]
Pan, X.; Wang, Z.; Wu, X.; Wen, S.W.; Liu, A. Salivary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry,  2018, 18(1), 324.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1910-9] [PMID:  30290789]

[6]
Zorn, J.V.; Schür, R.R.; Boks, M.P.; Kahn, R.S.; Joëls, M.; Vinkers, C.H. Cortisol stress reactivity across psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology,  2017, 77, 25-36.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.036] [PMID:  28012291]

[7]
Meewisse, M.L.; Reitsma, J.B.; De Vries, G.J.; Gersons, B.P.R.; Olff, M. Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults. Br. J. Psychiatry,  2007, 191(5), 387-392.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024877] [PMID:  17978317]

[8]
Sousa-Lima, J.; Moreira, P.S.; Raposo-Lima, C.; Sousa, N.; Morgado, P. Relationship be-tween obsessive compulsive disorder and cortisol: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.,  2019, 29, 1185-1198.

[9]
Pedrosa Gil, F.; Bidlingmaier, M.; Ridout, N.; Scheidt, C.E.; Caton, S.; Schoechlin, C.; Nickel, M. The relationship between alexithymia and salivary cortisol levels in somatoform disorders. Nord. J. Psychiatry,  2008, 62(5), 366-373.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039480801983554] [PMID:  18752108]

[10]
Rief, W.; Auer, C. Cortisol and somatization. Biol. Psychol.,  2000, 53(1), 13-23.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(00)00042-9] [PMID:  10876062]

[11]

World Health Organization Physical activity., https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity

[12]
Schuch, F.B.; Stubbs, B. The role of exercise in preventing and treating depression. Curr. Sports Med. Rep.,  2019, 18(8), 299-304.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000620] [PMID:  31389872]

[13]
Rebar, A.L.; Stanton, R.; Geard, D.; Short, C.; Duncan, M.J.; Vandelanotte, C. A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations. Health Psychol. Rev.,  2015, 9(3), 366-378.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2015.1022901] [PMID:  25739893]

[14]
Panza, M.J.; Graupensperger, S.; Agans, J.P.; Doré, I.; Vella, S.A.; Evans, M.B. Adolescent sport participation and symptoms of anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol.,  2020, 42(3), 201-218.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0235] [PMID:  32438339]

[15]
Bendau, A.; Petzold, M.; Ströhle, A. Exercise, physical activity and sport in depressive disorders. Neurotransmitter,  2022, 33(1-2), 52-61.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15016-021-9343-y]

[16]
Hallgren, M.; Nguyen, T.T.D.; Herring, M.P.; McDowell, C.P.; Gordon, B.R.; Stubbs, B.; Bellocco, R.; Lagerros, Y.T. Associations of physical activity with anxiety symptoms and disorders: Findings from the Swedish National March Cohort. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry,  2019, 58, 45-50.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.03.001] [PMID:  30884441]

[17]
Ströhle, A.; Höfler, M.; Pfister, H.; Müller, A.G.; Hoyer, J.; Wittchen, H.U.; Lieb, R. Physical activity and prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults. Psychol. Med.,  2007, 37(11), 1657-1666.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003329170700089X] [PMID:  17579930]

[18]
Barker, J.; Smith Byrne, K.; Doherty, A.; Foster, C.; Rahimi, K.; Ramakrishnan, R.; Woodward, M.; Dwyer, T. Physical activity of UK adults with chronic disease: Cross sectional analysis of accelerometer measured physical activity in 96 706 UK Biobank participants. Int. J. Epidemiol.,  2019, 48(4), 1386.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz148]

[19]
Rosenbaum, S.; Tiedemann, A.; Stanton, R.; Parker, A.; Waterreus, A.; Curtis, J.; Ward, P.B. Implementing evidence-based physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: an Australian perspective. Australas. Psychiatry,  2016, 24(1), 49-54.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856215590252] [PMID:  26139698]

[20]
van den Berk-Clark, C.; Secrest, S.; Walls, J.; Hallberg, E.; Lustman, P.J.; Schneider, F.D.; Scherrer, J.F. Association between posttraumatic stress disorder and lack of exercise, poor diet, obesity, and co-occuring smoking: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Health Psychol.,  2018, 37, 407-416.

[21]
Utsumi, Y.; Nemoto, H.; Nakaya, N.; Nakamura, T.; Tsuchiya, N.; Narita, A.; Kogure, M.; Suzuki, T.; Seto, M.; Katayanagi, M.; Okuyama, J.; Sakuma, A.; Honda, N.; Sugawara, Y.; Kaye-Kauderer, H.; Takahashi, Y.; Kayama, A.; Kakuto, Y.; Kohzuki, M.; Hozawa, A.; Tsuji, I.; Tomita, H. The impact of health consciousness on the association between walking durations and mental health conditions after a disaster: A cross-sectional study. Sports Med. Open,  2020, 6(1), 30.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40798-020-00259-6] [PMID:  32676856]

[22]
Oppizzi, L.M.; Umberger, R. The effect of physical activity on PTSD. Issues Ment. Health Nurs.,  2018, 39(2), 179-187.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1391903] [PMID:  29319376]

[23]
Rosenbaum, S.; Sherrington, C.; Tiedemann, A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.,  2015, 131(5), 350-359.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12371] [PMID:  25443996]

[24]
ten Have, M.; de Graaf, R.; Monshouwer, K. Physical exercise in adults and mental health status. J. Psychosom. Res.,  2011, 71(5), 342-348.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.04.001] [PMID:  21999978]

[25]
Roenneberg, C. S3 guideline Functional physical complaints. 2018.

[26]
O’Connor, P.J.; Herring, M.P.; McDowell, C.P.; Dishman, R.K. Physical activity is indirectly associated with pain in college women through associations with somatization and panic disorder symptoms: a cross-sectional study. Ann. Epidemiol.,  2019, 33, 37-43.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.02.008] [PMID:  30905543]

[27]
Sfendla, A.; Hadrya, F. Factors associated with psychological distress and physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Secur.,  2020, 18(6), 444-453.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hs.2020.0062] [PMID:  32946286]

[28]
Bendau, A.; Plag, J.; Kunas, S.; Wyka, S.; Ströhle, A.; Petzold, M.B. Longitudinal changes in anxiety and psychological distress, and associated risk and protective factors during the first three months of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Brain Behav.,  2021, 11(2), e01964.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1964] [PMID:  33230969]

[29]
Petzold, M.B.; Bendau, A.; Plag, J.; Pyrkosch, L.; Mascarell Maricic, L.; Betzler, F.; Rogoll, J.; Große, J.; Ströhle, A. Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Brain Behav.,  2020, 10(9), e01745.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1745] [PMID:  32633464]

[30]
Brand, R.; Timme, S.; Nosrat, S. When pandemic hits: Exercise frequency and subjective well-being during COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Psychol.,  2020, 11, 570567.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570567] [PMID:  33071902]

[31]
Petzold, M.B.; Bendau, A.; Ströhle, A. Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of anxiety disorders. Psychotherapeut,  2020, 65(3), 135-142.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00278-020-00414-0]

[32]
Ströhle, A.; Bendau, A.; Augustin, N.; Esch, A.D.; Große, J.; Kaminski, J.; Petzold, M.B.; Plag, J.; Schmidt, M.; Schütte, M.; Strehle, N.; Wendt, N. Sportpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie. Nervenarzt,  2022, 93(7), 742-753.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00115-022-01342-x] [PMID:  35781520]

[33]
Schuch, F.B.; Vancampfort, D.; Firth, J.; Rosenbaum, S.; Ward, P.B.; Silva, E.S.; Hallgren, M.; Ponce De Leon, A.; Dunn, A.L.; Deslandes, A.C.; Fleck, M.P.; Carvalho, A.F.; Stubbs, B. Physical activity and incident depression: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am. J. Psychiatry,  2018, 175(7), 631-648.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111194] [PMID:  29690792]

[34]
Huang, Y.; Li, L.; Gan, Y.; Wang, C.; Jiang, H.; Cao, S.; Lu, Z. Sedentary behaviors and risk of depression: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Transl. Psychiatry,  2020, 10(1), 26.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0715-z] [PMID:  32066686]

[35]
Mammen, G.; Faulkner, G. Physical activity and the prevention of depression: A systematic review of prospective studies. Am. J. Prev. Med.,  2013, 45(5), 649-657.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.001] [PMID:  24139780]

[36]
Fernandez-Montero, A.; Moreno-Galarraga, L.; Sánchez-Villegas, A.; Lahortiga-Ramos, F.; Ruiz-Canela, M.; Martínez-González, M.Á.; Molero, P. Dimensions of leisure-time physical activity and risk of depression in the “Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra” (SUN) prospective cohort. BMC Psychiatry,  2020, 20(1), 98.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02502-6] [PMID:  32131773]

[37]
Choi, K.W.; Chen, C.Y.; Stein, M.B.; Klimentidis, Y.C.; Wang, M.J.; Koenen, K.C.; Smoller, J.W. Assessment of bidirectional relationships between physical activity and depression among adults. JAMA Psychiatry,  2019, 76(4), 399-408.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4175] [PMID:  30673066]

[38]
Gunnell, K.E.; Flament, M.F.; Buchholz, A.; Henderson, K.A.; Obeid, N.; Schubert, N.; Goldfield, G.S. Examining the bidirectional relationship between physical activity, screen time, and symptoms of anxiety and depression over time during adolescence. Prev. Med.,  2016, 88, 147-152.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.04.002] [PMID:  27090920]

[39]
Roshanaei-Moghaddam, B.; Katon, W.J.; Russo, J. The longitudinal effects of depression on physical activity. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry,  2009, 31(4), 306-315.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.04.002] [PMID:  19555789]

[40]
Suetani, S.; Stubbs, B.; McGrath, J.J.; Scott, J.G. Physical activity of people with mental disorders compared to the general population: A systematic review of longitudinal cohort studies. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol.,  2019, 54(12), 1443-1457.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01760-4] [PMID:  31444516]

[41]
Herring, M.P. Exercise for the management of anxiety and stress-related disorders.In: Exercise Based Interventions for Mental Illness: Physical Activity as Part of Clinical Treatment; Stubbs, B.; Rosenbaum, S., Eds.; Elsevier: Academic Press: London, 2018, pp. 19-52.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812605-9.00002-2]

[42]
Suetani, S.; Mamun, A.; Williams, G.M.; Najman, J.M.; McGrath, J.J.; Scott, J.G. Longitudinal association between physical activity engagement during adolescence and mental health outcomes in young adults: A 21-year birth cohort study. J. Psychiatr. Res.,  2017, 94, 116-123.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.06.013] [PMID:  28704729]

[43]
Bandelow, B.; Reitt, M.; Röver, C.; Michaelis, S.; Görlich, Y.; Wedekind, D. Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.,  2015, 30(4), 183-192.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0000000000000078] [PMID:  25932596]

[44]
Schuch, F.B.; Stubbs, B.; Meyer, J.; Heissel, A.; Zech, P.; Vancampfort, D.; Rosenbaum, S.; Deenik, J.; Firth, J.; Ward, P.B.; Carvalho, A.F.; Hiles, S.A. Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: A meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies. Depress. Anxiety,  2019, 36(9), 846-858.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22915] [PMID:  31209958]

[45]
Schuch, F.B.; Vancampfort, D.; Richards, J.; Rosenbaum, S.; Ward, P.B.; Stubbs, B. Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. J. Psychiatr. Res.,  2016, 77, 42-51.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.023] [PMID:  26978184]

[46]
Morres, I.D.; Hatzigeorgiadis, A.; Stathi, A.; Comoutos, N.; Arpin-Cribbie, C.; Krommidas, C.; Theodorakis, Y. Aerobic exercise for adult patients with major depressive disorder in mental health services: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress. Anxiety,  2019, 36(1), 39-53.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22842] [PMID:  30334597]

[47]
Oberste, M.; Medele, M.; Javelle, F.; Lioba, W.H.; Walter, D.; Bloch, W.; Bender, S.; Fricke, O.; Joisten, N.; Walzik, D.; Großheinrich, N.; Zimmer, P. Physical activity for the treatment of adolescent depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Physiol.,  2020, 11, 185.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00185] [PMID:  32265725]

[48]
Bailey, A.P.; Hetrick, S.E.; Rosenbaum, S.; Purcell, R.; Parker, A.G. Treating depression with physical activity in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Psychol. Med.,  2018, 48(7), 1068-1083.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717002653] [PMID:  28994355]

[49]
Klil-Drori, S.; Klil-Drori, A.J.; Pira, S.; Rej, S. Exercise intervention for late-life depression: A meta-analysis. J. Clin. Psychiatry,  2020, 81(1), 6914.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.19r12877] [PMID:  31967748]

[50]
Purgato, M.; Adams, C.E. Heterogeneity: The issue of apples, oranges and fruit pie. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci.,  2012, 21(1), 27-29.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S2045796011000643] [PMID:  22670409]

[51]
Ledochowski, L.; Stark, R.; Ruedl, G.; Kopp, M. Physical activity as a therapeutic intervention in depression. Nervenarzt,  2017, 88(7), 765-778.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00115-016-0222-x] [PMID:  27679515]

[52]
Blumenthal, J.A.; Babyak, M.A.; Doraiswamy, P.M.; Watkins, L.; Hoffman, B.M.; Barbour, K.A.; Herman, S.; Craighead, W.E.; Brosse, A.L.; Waugh, R.; Hinderliter, A.; Sherwood, A. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosom. Med.,  2007, 69(7), 587-596.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e318148c19a] [PMID:  17846259]

[53]
Petzold, M.B.; Bendau, A.; Plag, J.; Ströhle, A. Movement, training and sport and psychotherapeutic treatment methods. In: Sport und Bewegung in Therapie und Prävention bei psychischen Erkrankungen; Claussen, M.C.; Seifritz, E., Eds.; Hogrefe: Bern, 2023. 

[54]
Trivedi, M.H.; Greer, T.L.; Grannemann, B.D.; Chambliss, H.O.; Jordan, A.N. Exercise as an augmentation strategy for treatment of major depression. J. Psychiatr. Pract.,  2006, 12(4), 205-213.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00131746-200607000-00002] [PMID:  16883145]

[55]
Ranjbar, E.; Memari, A.H.; Hafizi, S.; Shayestehfar, M.; Mirfazeli, F.S.; Eshghi, M.A. Depression and exercise: A clinical review and management guideline. Asian J. Sports Med.,  2015, 6(2), e24055.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.6(2)2015.24055] [PMID:  26448838]

[56]
Bundesärztekammer (BÄK); Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung	(KBV); Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen	Fachgesellschaften (AWMF).  Nationale Versorgungsleitlinie	Unipolare Depression - Langfassung, Version 3.0, ], 2022.

[57]
Meyer, J.D.; Koltyn, K.F.; Stegner, A.J.; Kim, J.S.; Cook, D.B. Influence of exercise intensity for improving depressed mood in depression: A dose-response study. Behav. Ther.,  2016, 47(4), 527-537.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.04.003] [PMID:  27423168]

[58]
Aylett, E.; Small, N.; Bower, P. Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv. Res.,  2018, 18(1), 559.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5] [PMID:  30012142]

[59]
Lindenberger, B.L.; Plag, J.; Schumacher, S.; Gaudlitz, K.; Bischoff, S.; Bobbert, T.; Dimeo, F.; Petzold, M.B.; Kirschbaum, C.; Dudás, Z.; Ströhle, A. Clinical and neurobiological effects of aerobic exercise in dental phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Depress. Anxiety,  2017, 34(11), 1040-1048.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22659] [PMID:  28556577]

[60]
Ströhle, A.; Graetz, B.; Scheel, M.; Wittmann, A.; Feller, C.; Heinz, A.; Dimeo, F. The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. J. Psychiatr. Res.,  2009, 43(12), 1013-1017.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.004] [PMID:  19289240]

[61]
Esquivel, G.; Díaz-Galvis, J.; Schruers, K.; Berlanga, C.; Lara-Muñoz, C.; Griez, E. Acute exercise reduces the effects of a 35% CO2 challenge in patients with panic disorder. J. Affect. Disord.,  2008, 107(1-3), 217-220.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.022] [PMID:  17727960]

[62]
Stubbs, B.; Vancampfort, D.; Rosenbaum, S.; Firth, J.; Cosco, T.; Veronese, N.; Salum, G.A.; Schuch, F.B. An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res.,  2017, 249, 102-108.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.020] [PMID:  28088704]

[63]
Stonerock, G.L.; Hoffman, B.M.; Smith, P.J.; Blumenthal, J.A. Exercise as treatment for anxiety: Systematic review and analysis. Ann. Behav. Med.,  2015, 49, 542-556.

[64]
Hovland, A.; Nordhus, I.H.; Sjøbø, T.; Gjestad, B.A.; Birknes, B.; Martinsen, E.W.; Torsheim, T.; Pallesen, S. Comparing physical exercise in groups to group cognitive behaviour therapy for the treatment of panic disorder in a randomized controlled trial. Behav. Cogn. Psychother.,  2013, 41(4), 408-432.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1352465812000446] [PMID:  22874661]

[65]
Meyer, J.; Schuch, F.B. Exercise for the prevention and treatment of depression.In:Exercise-Based Interventions for Mental Illness; Stubbs, B.; Rosenbaum, S., Eds.; Academic Press, 2018, pp. 1-18.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812605-9.00001-0]

[66]
Plag, J.; Schmidt-Hellinger, P.; Klippstein, T.; Mumm, J.L.M.; Wolfarth, B.; Petzold, M.B.; Ströhle, A. Working out the worries: A randomized controlled trial of high intensity interval training in generalized anxiety disorder. J. Anxiety Disord.,  2020, 76, 102311.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102311] [PMID:  33007710]

[67]
Plag, J.; Ergec, D.L.; Fydrich, T.; Ströhle, A. High-intensity interval training in panic disorder patients. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.,  2019, 207(3), 184-187.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000944] [PMID:  30724830]

[68]
Bischoff, S.; Wieder, G.; Einsle, F.; Petzold, M.B.; Janßen, C.; Mumm, J.L.M.; Wittchen, H.U.; Fydrich, T.; Plag, J.; Ströhle, A. Running for extinction? Aerobic exercise as an augmentation of exposure therapy in panic disorder with agoraphobia. J. Psychiatr. Res.,  2018, 101, 34-41.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.03.001] [PMID:  29539585]

[69]
Jacquart, J.; Roquet, R.F.; Papini, S.; Powers, M.B.; Rosenfield, D.; Smits, J.A.J.; Monfils, M.H. Effects of acute exercise on fear extinction in rats and exposure therapy in humans: Null findings from five experiments. J. Anxiety Disord.,  2017, 50, 76-86.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.05.010] [PMID:  28618306]

[70]
Gaudlitz, K.; Plag, J.; Dimeo, F.; Ströhle, A. Aerobic exercise training facilitates the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in panic disorder. Depress. Anxiety,  2015, 32(3), 221-228.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22337] [PMID:  25515221]

[71]
Bandelow, B.; Wiltink, J.; Alpers, G.W.; Benecke, C.; Deckert, J.; Eckhardt-Henn, A.; Ehrig, C.; Engel, E.; Falkai, P.; Geiser, F.; Gerlach, A.L.; Harfst, T.; Hau, S.; Joraschky, P.; Kellner, M.; Köllner, V.; Kopp, I.; Langs, G.; Lichte, T.; Liebeck, H.; Matzat, J.; Reitt, M.; Rüddel, H.P.; Rudolf, S.; Schick, G.; Schweiger, U.; Simon, R.; Springer, A.; Staats, H.; Ströhle, A.; Ströhm, W.; Waldherr, B.; Watzke, B.; Wedekind, D.; Zottl, C.; Zwanzger, P.; Beutel, M.E. Deutsche S3-Leitlinie Behandlung von Angststörungen, Version 2; ,, 2021.

[72]
Bandelow, B.; Allgulander, C.; Baldwin, D.S. Costa, Daniel Lucas da Conceição; Denys, D.; Dilbaz, N.; Domschke, K.; Eriksson, E.; Fineberg, N.A.; Hättenschwiler, J. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders–Version 3. Part I: Anxiety disorders. World J. Biol. Psychiatry,  2022, 1-39.

[73]
Björkman, F.; Ekblom, Ö. Physical exercise as treatment for PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mil. Med.,  2022, 187(9-10), e1103-e1113.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab497] [PMID:  34850063]

[74]
Motta, R.W.; McWilliams, M.E.; Schwartz, J.T.; Cavera, R.S. The role of exercise in reducing childhood and adolescent PTSD, anxiety, and depression. J. Appl. Sch. Psychol.,  2012, 28(3), 224-238.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15377903.2012.695765]

[75]
Rosenbaum, S.; Vancampfort, D.; Steel, Z.; Newby, J.; Ward, P.B.; Stubbs, B. Physical activity in the treatment of Post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res.,  2015, 230(2), 130-136.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.10.017] [PMID:  26500072]

[76]
Powers, M.B.; Medina, J.L.; Burns, S.; Kauffman, B.Y.; Monfils, M.; Asmundson, G.J.G.; Diamond, A.; McIntyre, C.; Smits, J.A.J. Exercise augmentation of exposure therapy for PTSD: Rationale and pilot efficacy data. Cogn. Behav. Ther.,  2015, 44(4), 314-327.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2015.1012740] [PMID:  25706090]

[77]
Nilsson, H.; Saboonchi, F.; Gustavsson, C.; Malm, A.; Gottvall, M. Trauma-afflicted refugees’ experiences of participating in physical activity and exercise treatment: A qualitative study based on focus group discussions. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol.,  2019, 10(1), 1699327.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1699327] [PMID:  31853335]

[78]
Nordbrandt, M.S.; Sonne, C.; Mortensen, E.L.; Carlsson, J. Trauma-affected refugees treated with basic body awareness therapy or mixed physical activity as augmentation to treatment as usual—A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. PLoS One,  2020, 15(3), e0230300.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230300] [PMID:  32163509]

[79]
Schäfer, I.; Gast, U.; Hofmann, A.; Knaevelsrud, C.; Lampe, A.; Liebermann, P.; Lotzin, A.; Maercker, A.; Rosner, R.; Wöller, W. S3-Leitlinie Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung; Springer, 2019. 
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59783-5]

[80]
Babson, K.A.; Heinz, A.J.; Ramirez, G.; Puckett, M.; Irons, J.G.; Bonn-Miller, M.O.; Woodward, S.H. The interactive role of exercise and sleep on veteran recovery from symptoms of PTSD. Ment. Health Phys. Act.,  2015, 8, 15-20.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2014.12.002]

[81]
LeBouthillier, D.M.; Fetzner, M.G.; Asmundson, G.J.G. Lower cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with greater reduction in PTSD symptoms and anxiety sensitivity following aerobic exercise. Ment. Health Phys. Act.,  2016, 10, 33-39.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2015.11.001]

[82]
Abrantes, A.M.; Brown, R.A.; Strong, D.R.; McLaughlin, N.; Garnaat, S.L.; Mancebo, M.; Riebe, D.; Desaulniers, J.; Yip, A.G.; Rasmussen, S.; Greenberg, B.D. A pilot randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise as an adjunct to OCD treatment. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry,  2017, 49, 51-55.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.06.010] [PMID:  29122148]

[83]
Abrantes, A.M.; Farris, S.G.; Brown, R.A.; Greenberg, B.D.; Strong, D.R.; McLaughlin, N.C.; Riebe, D. Acute effects of aerobic exercise on negative affect and obsessions and compulsions in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Affect. Disord.,  2019, 245, 991-997.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.074] [PMID:  30699885]

[84]
Brown, R.A.; Abrantes, A.M.; Strong, D.R.; Mancebo, M.C.; Menard, J.; Rasmussen, S.A.; Greenberg, B.D. A pilot study of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for obsessive compulsive disorder. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.,  2007, 195(6), 514-520.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000253730.31610.6c] [PMID:  17568300]

[85]
Euteneuer, F.; Schwarz, M.J.; Schmidmaier, R.; Hennings, A.; Riemer, S.; Stapf, T.M.; Selberdinger, V.B.; Süssenbach, P.; Dannehl, K.; Rief, W. Blunted exercise-induced mobilization of monocytes in somatization syndromes and major depression. J. Affect. Disord.,  2014, 166, 156-164.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.060] [PMID:  25012425]

[86]
Hennings, A.; Schwarz, M.J.; Riemer, S.; Stapf, T.M.; Selberdinger, V.B.; Rief, W. Exercise affects symptom severity but not biological measures in depression and somatization – Results on IL-6, neopterin, tryptophan, kynurenine and 5-HIAA. Psychiatry Res.,  2013, 210(3), 925-933.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.018] [PMID:  24140252]

[87]
Hausteiner-Wiehle, C.; Schäfert, R.; Sattel, H.; Ronel, J.; Herrmann, M.; Häuser, W.; Martin, A.; Henningsen, P. New guidelines on functional and somatoform disorders. Psychother. Psychosom. Med. Psychol.,  2013, 63(1), 26-31.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1323743] [PMID:  23341111]

[88]
Greenwood, B.N.; Strong, P.V.; Loughridge, A.B.; Day, H.E.W.; Clark, P.J.; Mika, A.; Hellwinkel, J.E.; Spence, K.G.; Fleshner, M. 5-HT2C receptors in the basolateral amygdala and dorsal striatum are a novel target for the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of exercise. PLoS One,  2012, 7(9), e46118.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046118] [PMID:  23049953]

[89]
Gomez-Merino, D.; Béquet, F.; Berthelot, M.; Chennaoui, M.; Guezennec, C.Y. Site-dependent effects of an acute intensive exercise on extracellular 5-HTand 5-HIAA levels in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett.,  2001, 301(2), 14-16.

[90]
Broocks, A.; Meyer, T.C.G.; Hillmer-Vogel, U.; George, A.; Bartmann, U.; Bandelow, B. Effect of aerobic exercise on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine and to ipsapirone in untrained healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology ,  2001, 155(3), 234-241.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130100706] [PMID:  11432685]

[91]
Schuch, F.B.; Deslandes, A.C.; Stubbs, B.; Gosmann, N.P.; Silva, C.T.B.; Fleck, M.P.A. Neurobiological effects of exercise on major depressive disorder: A systematic review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.,  2016, 61, 1-11.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.012] [PMID:  26657969]

[92]
Sciolino, N.R.; Holmes, P.V. Exercise offers anxiolytic potential: A role for stress and brain noradrenergic-galaninergic mechanisms. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.,  2012, 36(9), 1965-1984.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.005] [PMID:  22771334]

[93]
DeBoer, L.B.; Powers, M.B.; Utschig, A.C.; Otto, M.W.; Smits, J.A.J. Exploring exercise as an avenue for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Expert Rev. Neurother.,  2012, 12(8), 1011-1022.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/ern.12.73] [PMID:  23002943]

[94]
Van Hoomissen, J.D.; Holmes, P.V.; Zellner, A.S.; Poudevigne, A.; Dishman, R.K. Effects of β-adrenoreceptor blockade during chronic exercise on contextual fear conditioning and mRNA for galanin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Behav. Neurosci.,  2004, 118(6), 1378-1390.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.118.6.1378] [PMID:  15598146]

[95]
Streeter, C.C.; Whitfield, T.H.; Owen, L.; Rein, T.; Karri, S.K.; Yakhkind, A.; Perlmutter, R.; Prescot, A.; Renshaw, P.F.; Ciraulo, D.A.; Jensen, J.E. Effects of yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels: A randomized controlled MRS study. J. Altern. Complement. Med.,  2010, 16(11), 1145-1152.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0007] [PMID:  20722471]

[96]
Dishman, R.K.; Dunn, A.L.; Youngstedt, S.D.; Davis, J.M.; Burgess, M.L.; Wilson, S.P.; Wilso, M.A. Increased open field locomotion and decreased striatal GABAA binding after activity wheel running. Physiol. Behav.,  1996, 60(3), 699-705.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(96)00102-3] [PMID:  8873239]

[97]
Asmundson, G.J.G.; Fetzner, M.G.; DeBoer, L.B.; Powers, M.B.; Otto, M.W.; Smits, J.A.J. Let’s get physical: A contemporary review of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for anxiety and its disorders. Depress. Anxiety,  2013, 30(4), 362-373.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22043] [PMID:  23300122]

[98]
Zschucke, E.; Renneberg, B.; Dimeo, F.; Wüstenberg, T.; Ströhle, A. The stress-buffering effect of acute exercise: Evidence for HPA axis negative feedback. Psychoneuroendocrinology,  2015, 51, 414-425.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.019] [PMID:  25462913]

[99]
Lattova, Z.; Keckeis, M.; Maurovich-Horvat, E.; Wetter, T.C.; Wilde-Frenz, J.; Schuld, A.; Pollmächer, T. The stress hormone system in various sleep disorders. J. Psychiatr. Res.,  2011, 45(9), 1223-1228.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.013] [PMID:  21501849]

[100]
Kandola, A.; Ashdown-Franks, G.; Hendrikse, J.; Sabiston, C.M.; Stubbs, B. Physical activity and depression: Towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.,  2019, 107, 525-539.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040] [PMID:  31586447]

[101]
Beserra, A.H.N.; Kameda, P.; Deslandes, A.C.; Schuch, F.B.; Laks, J.; Moraes, H.S. Can physical exercise modulate cortisol level in subjects with depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trends Psychiatry Psychother.,  2018, 40(4), 360-368.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0155] [PMID:  30570106]

[102]
Ströhle, A.; Feller, C.; Jstrasburger, C.; Heinz, A.; Dimeo, F. Anxiety modulation by the heart? Aerobic exercise and atrial natriuretic peptide. Psychoneuroendocrinology,  2006, 31(9), 1127-1130.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.08.003] [PMID:  17010527]

[103]
Morris, N.L.; Ippolito, J.A.; Curtis, B.J.; Chen, M.M.; Friedman, S.L.; Hines, I.N.; Haddad, G.E.; Chang, S.L.; Brown, L.A.; Waldschmidt, T.J.; Mandrekar, P.; Kovacs, E.J.; Choudhry, M.A. Alcohol and inflammatory responses: Summary of the 2013 Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting. Alcohol,  2015, 49(1), 1-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.07.018] [PMID:  25468277]

[104]
Schulz, K.H.; Meyer, A.; Langguth, N. Physical activity and mental health. Federal Health Gazette,  2012, 55(1), 55-65.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00103-011-1387-x] [PMID:  22286249]

[105]
Fedoce, A.G.; Ferreira, F.; Bota, R.G.; Bonet-Costa, V.; Sun, P.Y.; Davies, K.J.A. The role of oxidative stress in anxiety disorder: Cause or consequence? Free Radic. Res.,  2018, 52(7), 737-750.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2018.1475733] [PMID:  29742940]

[106]
Lim, C.L.; Byrne, C.; Lee, J.K.W. Human thermoregulation and measurement of body temperature in exercise and clinical settings. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap.,  2008, 37(4), 347-353.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V37N4p347] [PMID:  18461221]

[107]
Brellenthin, A.G.; Crombie, K.M.; Hillard, C.J.; Brown, R.T.; Koltyn, K.F. Psychological and endocannabinoid responses to aerobic exercise in substance use disorder patients. Subst. Abus.,  2019, 42(3), 272-283.
 [PMID:  31729933]

[108]
Dietrich, A.; McDaniel, W.F. Endocannabinoids and exercise. Br. J. Sports Med.,  2004, 38(5), 536-541.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.011718] [PMID:  15388533]

[109]
Hegberg, N.J.; Hayes, J.P.; Hayes, S.M. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A narrative review and rationale for implementation. Front. Psychiatry,  2019, 10, 133.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00133] [PMID:  30949075]

[110]
Notaras, M.; van den Buuse, M. Neurobiology of BDNF in fear memory, sensitivity to stress, and stress-related disorders. Mol. Psychiatry,  2020, 25(10), 2251-2274.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0639-2] [PMID:  31900428]

[111]
Ströhle, A.; Stoy, M.; Graetz, B.; Scheel, M.; Wittmann, A.; Gallinat, J.; Lang, U.E.; Dimeo, F.; Hellweg, R. Acute exercise ameliorates reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with panic disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology,  2010, 35(3), 364-368.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.013] [PMID:  19682803]

[112]
Van Kummer, B.H.; Cohen, R.W. Exercise-induced neuroprotection in the spastic Han Wistar rat: the possible role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. BioMed Res. Int.,  2015, 2015, 1-11.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/834543] [PMID:  25710032]

[113]
Cunha, C.; Brambilla, R.; Thomas, K.L. A simple role for BDNF in learning and memory? Front. Mol. Neurosci.,  2010, 3, 1.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.001.2010] [PMID:  20162032]

[114]
Keyan, D.; Bryant, R.A. The capacity for acute exercise to modulate emotional memories: A review of findings and mechanisms. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.,  2019, 107, 438-449.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.033] [PMID:  31562922]

[115]
Kobayashi, K.; Shimizu, E.; Hashimoto, K.; Mitsumori, M.; Koike, K.; Okamura, N.; Koizumi, H.; Ohgake, S.; Matsuzawa, D.; Zhang, L.; Nakazato, M.; Iyo, M. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in patients with panic disorder: As a biological predictor of response to group cognitive behavioral therapy. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry,  2005, 29(5), 658-663.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.04.010] [PMID:  15905010]

[116]
Deutsche, G.F.P.; Nervenheilkunde, P.U.; Ärztliches, Z.F.Q.I.D.M. S3-Leitlinie/Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Unipolare Depression- Langfassung, 2. Auflage; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie,	Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN); Bundesärztekammer	(BÄK); Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV); Arbeitsgemeinschaft	der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften	(AWMF); ,; , 2015. 

[117]
Precht, L.M.; Margraf, J.; Stirnberg, J.; Brailovskaia, J. It’s all about control: Sense of control mediates the relationship between physical activity and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Curr. Psychol.,  2021, 1-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02303-4] [PMID:  34690477]

[118]
Bos, A.E.R.; Huijding, J.; Muris, P.; Vogel, L.R.R.; Biesheuvel, J. Global, contingent and implicit self-esteem and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents. Pers. Individ. Dif.,  2010, 48(3), 311-316.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.025]

[119]
Elavsky, S. Longitudinal examination of the exercise and self-esteem model in middle-aged women. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol.,  2010, 32(6), 862-880.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.6.862] [PMID:  21282842]

[120]
Lindheimer, J.B.; O’Connor, P.J.; Dishman, R.K. Quantifying the placebo effect in psychological outcomes of exercise training: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Sports Med.,  2015, 45(5), 693-711.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0303-1] [PMID:  25762083]

[121]
Mason, J.E.; Faller, Y.; LeBouthillier, D.M.; Asmundson, G.J. Exercise anxiety: A qualitative analysis of the barriers, facilitators, and psychological processes underlying exercise participation for people with anxiety-related disorders. Ment. Health Phys. Act.,  2018, 16, 128-139.

[122]
Conley, M.I.; Hindley, I.; Baskin-Sommers, A.; Gee, D.G.; Casey, B.J.; Rosenberg, M.D. The importance of social factors in the association between physical activity and depression in children. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health,  2020, 14(1), 28.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00335-5] [PMID:  32607126]

[123]
Miller, W.R.; Rollnick, S. Motivational interviewing: Preparing people to change addictive behavior; Guilford Press: New York, 1991. 

[124]
Ding, D.; Mutrie, N.; Bauman, A.; Pratt, M.; Hallal, P.R.C.; Powell, K.E. Physical activity guidelines 2020: comprehensive and inclusive recommendations to activate populations. Lancet,  2020, 396(10265), 1780-1782.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32229-7] [PMID:  33248019]

[125]
Rosenbaum, S.; Morell, R.; Abdel-Baki, A.; Ahmadpanah, M.; Anilkumar, T.V.; Baie, L.; Bauman, A.; Bender, S.; Han, J.B.; Brand, S.; Bratland-Sanda, S.; Bueno-Antequera, J.; Deslandes, A.C.; Carneiro, L.; Carraro, A.; Castaneda, C.P.; Monteiro, F.C.; Chapman, J.; Chau, J.; Chen, L-J.; Chvatalova, B.; Chwastiak, L.; Corretti, G.; Dillon, M.; Douglas, C.; Egger, S.; Gaughran, F.; Gerber, M.; Gobbi, E.; Gould, K.; Hatzinger, M.; Holsboer-Tracksler, E.; Hoodbhoy, Z.; Imboden, C.; Indu, P.S.; Iqbal, R.; de Jesus-Moraleida, F.R.; Kondo, S.; Ku, P-W.; Lederman, O.; Lee, E.H.M.; Malchow, B.; Matthews, E.; Mazur, P.; Meneghelli, A.; Mian, A.; Morseth, B.; Munguia-Izquierdo, D.; Nyboe, L.; O’Donoghue, B.; Perram, A.; Richards, J.; Romain, A.J.; Romaniuk, M.; Sadeghi-Bahmani, D.; Sarno, M.; Schuch, F.; Schweinfurth, N.; Stubbs, B.; Uwakwe, R.; van Damme, T.; van der Stouwe, E.; Vancampfort, D.; Vetter, S.; Waterreus, A.; Ward, P.B. Assessing physical activity in people with mental illness: 23-country reliability and validity of the Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire; SIMPAQ, 2019. 

[126]
Werneck, A.O.; Christofaro, D.G.D.; Ritti-Dias, R.M.; Cucato, G.G.; Stubbs, B.; Oyeyemi, A.L.; Conceição, R.D.O.; Santos, R.D.; Bittencourt, M.S. Does physical activity influence the association between depressive symptoms and low-grade inflammation in adults? A study of 8,048 adults. Physiol. Behav.,  2020, 223, 112967.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112967] [PMID:  32479805]

[127]
Kandola, A.; Lewis, G.; Osborn, D.P.J.; Stubbs, B.; Hayes, J.F. Depressive symptoms and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour throughout adolescence: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry,  2020, 7(3), 262-271.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30034-1] [PMID:  32059797]

[128]
Chekroud, A.M.; Trugerman, A. The opportunity for exercise to improve population mental health. JAMA Psychiatry,  2019, 76(11), 1206-1207.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2282] [PMID:  31483446]

[129]
Vancampfort, D.; Rosenbaum, S.; Probst, M.; Connaughton, J.; du Plessis, C.; Yamamoto, T.; Stubbs, B. What are the top 10 physical activity research questions in schizophrenia? Disabil. Rehabil.,  2016, 38(22), 2235-2243.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2015.1116622] [PMID:  26728764]

[130]
Swardfager, W.; Yang, P.; Herrmann, N.; Lanctôt, K.L.; Shah, B.R.; Kiss, A.; Oh, P.I. Depressive symptoms predict non-completion of a structured exercise intervention for people with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet. Med.,  2016, 33(4), 529-536.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dme.12872] [PMID:  26220364]

[131]
Monteiro, F.C.; Schuch, F.B.; Deslandes, A.C.; Vancampfort, D.; Mosqueiro, B.P.; Messinger, M.F.; Caldieraro, M.A.; Fleck, M.P.A. Perceived barriers, benefits and correlates of physical activity in outpatients with Major Depressive Disorder: A study from Brazil. Psychiatry Res.,  2020, 284, 112751.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112751] [PMID:  31918115]

[132]
Petzold, M.B.; Ernst, F.; Spitzer, U.; Gabrysch, J.; Schweinfurth, N.; Satorius, N.; Ströhle, A.; Betzler, F. Medical role models regarding physical activity for patients with mental illness. Psychotherapeut,  2020, 65(3), 167-175.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00278-020-00421-1]

[133]
Schmitt, A.; Maurus, I.; Rossner, M.J.; Röh, A.; Lembeck, M.; von Wilmsdorff, M.; Takahashi, S.; Rauchmann, B.; Keeser, D.; Hasan, A.; Malchow, B.; Falkai, P. Effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome, cardiorespiratory fitness, and symptoms in schizophrenia include decreased mortality. Front. Psychiatry,  2018, 9, 690.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00690] [PMID:  30622486]

[134]
Petzold, M.B.; Frank, G.; Bendau, A.; Plag, J.; Betzler, F.; Ströhle, A. The German version of the exercise in mental illness questionnaire (EMIQ-G): Translation and testing of psychometric properties. Ment. Health Phys. Act.,  2020, 19, 100353.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100353]

[135]
Furley, P.; Goldschmied, N. Systematic vs. narrative reviews in sport and exercise psychology: Is either approach superior to the other? Front. Psychol.,  2021, 12, 685082.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685082] [PMID:  34305741]

[136]
Greenhalgh, T.; Thorne, S.; Malterud, K. Time to challenge the spurious hierarchy of systematic over narrative reviews? Eur. J. Clin. Invest.,  2018, 48(6), e12931.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eci.12931] [PMID:  29578574]

[137]
Kvam, S.; Kleppe, C.L.; Nordhus, I.H.; Hovland, A. Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord.,  2016, 202, 67-86.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.063] [PMID:  27253219]

[138]
Miller, K.J.; Gonçalves-Bradley, D.C.; Areerob, P.; Hennessy, D.; Mesagno, C.; Grace, F. Comparative effectiveness of three exercise types to treat clinical depression in older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ageing Res. Rev.,  2020, 58, 100999.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2019.100999] [PMID:  31837462]

[139]
Gordon, B.R.; McDowell, C.P.; Lyons, M.; Herring, M.P. The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Med.,  2017, 47(12), 2521-2532.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0769-0] [PMID:  28819746]

[140]
Herring, M.P.; Jacob, M.L.; Suveg, C.; Dishman, R.K.; O’Connor, P.J. Feasibility of exercise training for the short-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Psychother. Psychosom.,  2012, 81(1), 21-28.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000327898] [PMID:  22116310]

[141]
Gordon, B.R.; McDowell, C.P.; Lyons, M.; Herring, M.P. Resistance exercise training among young adults with analogue generalized anxiety disorder. J. Affect. Disord.,  2021, 281, 153-159.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.020] [PMID:  33321380]

[142]
Zika, M.A.; Becker, L. Physical activity as a treatment for social anxiety in clinical and non-clinical populations: A systematic review and three meta-analyses for different study designs. Front. Hum. Neurosci.,  2021, 15, 653108.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.653108] [PMID:  34177489]
Cite As
Current Neuropharmacology

Exercise as Treatment for “Stress-Related” Mental Disorders

Abstract

Graphical Abstract
