Generic placeholder image

Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Author(s): Gholam Basati, Saber Abbaszadeh, Afshin Hasanvand and Parastoo Baharvand*

DOI: 10.2174/1871525719666210112155652

DownloadDownload PDF Flyer Cite As
Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used to Treat Cardiovascular Disorders in Ghasemloo Valley of Urmia City

Page: [237 - 250] Pages: 14

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Aims: Many pharmaceutical plants belonging to this region are used as the traditional drug by traditional physicians of the Urmia city in order to treat signs of disorders and cardiovascular system diseases.

Background: The Ghasemloo valley located in Urmia city is one of the typical areas in northwestern Iran and includes many pharmaceutical and plant species.

Objective: Many pharmaceutical plants belonging to this region are used as the traditional drug by traditional physicians of the Urmia city in order to treat several symptoms of disorders and cardiovascular system diseases.

Method: A study was performed among 35 grocers in Urmia city to identify effective and famous pharmaceutical plants in the treatment of cardiovascular and related diseases. Firstly, a complete list of Urmia grocers was prepared by the Food and Drug Administrator of the Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The direct observation and interview, alongside collecting herbarium samples of usual and effective indigenous medicinal plants, were used to identify disorders and different signs of cardiovascular diseases. Questionnaires included personal information of grocers, and completed indigenous plants list containing information, including the plant’s local name, the used organ, method of use, and the traditional therapeutic effect. Herbarium samples mentioned in the questionnaire were collected from the region and sent to the Jahad-e-Keshavarzi Research Centers and the Agriculture Faculty of Urmia university to determine the genus and species. After identifying and confirming the plant species, data related to the plant and results of cardiovascular research conducted on them were collected and recorded with reference to valid scientific sites. Data were entered into the Excel 2010 program and then analyzed.

Result: 60 medicinal plants of 26 families in Urmia were identified as effective in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases from interviews and questionnaires; some plants mentioned in this study had known traditional therapeutic effects on cardiovascular disorders in the literature and some were identified with new effects. Results showed that the most therapeutic effects in cardiovascular diseases belonged to families Rosaceae (15%), Fabaceae (13%), Asteraceae (13%), and Apiaceae (10%). The most used organs of plants were the leave (23%) and fruit (19%). Plants were used mainly as an infusion (68%) in the traditional method. Most plants of this study were used to treat the blood cholesterol (29%), hypertension (9%), blood coagulation, prevention of bleeding (9%), and decrease in abdominal fat (9%).

Conclusion: Some herbs introduced in this study have new therapeutic effects introduced for the first time. It is necessary to study the therapeutic effects of indigenous plants presented in this research in order to prove studied and mentioned therapeutic effects and provide a study field for researchers in relation to identifying effective substances and studying claimed clinical effects of these plants on different cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Ethno-botany, Cardiovascular system disorders, Ghasemloo valley, Urmia, Iran.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser., 2000, 894, 1-253.
[PMID: 11234459]
[2]
Villareal, D.T.; Apovian, C.M.; Kushner, R.F.; Klein, S. American Society for Nutrition; NAASO, The Obesity Society. Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society. Obes. Res., 2005, 13(11), 1849-1863.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.228] [PMID: 16339115]
[3]
Asgary, S.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M.; Adelnia, A.; Kazemi, S.; Shamsi, F. Comparing the effects of lovastatin and cornus MAS fruit on fibrinogen level in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. ARYA Atheroscler., 2010, 6(1), 1-5.
[PMID: 22577405]
[4]
Eisenberg, D.M.; Davis, R.B.; Ettner, S.L.; Appel, S.; Wilkey, S.; Van Rompay, M.; Kessler, R.C. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA, 1998, 280(18), 1569-1575.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.18.1569] [PMID: 9820257]
[5]
WHO. Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases; Swiss: Geneva, 2007, pp. 1-16.
[6]
WHO. Life Expectancy Improves., 2012. http://www.who.int/whr/2003/en/
[7]
Rosmarakis, E.S.; Vergidis, P.I.; Soteriades, E.S.; Paraschakis, K.; Papastamataki, P.A.; Falagas, M.E. Estimates of global production in cardiovascular diseases research. Int. J. Cardiol., 2005, 100(3), 443-449.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.11.005] [PMID: 15837089]
[8]
Asgary, S.; Keshvari, M.; Sahebkar, A.; Hashemi, M.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Clinical investigation of the acute effects of pomegranate juice on blood pressure and endothelial function in hypertensive individuals. ARYA Atheroscler., 2013, 9(6), 326-331.
[PMID: 24575134]
[9]
Thompson, A.M.; Zhang, Y.; Tong, W.; Xu, T.; Chen, J.; Zhao, L.; Kelly, T.N.; Chen, C.S.; Bazzano, L.A.; He, J. Association of obesity and biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in adults in Inner Mongolia, China. Int. J. Cardiol., 2011, 150(3), 247-252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.04.011] [PMID: 20439121]
[10]
Tousoulis, D.; Charakida, M.; Stefanadis, C. Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction as therapeutic targets in patients with heart failure. Int. J. Cardiol., 2005, 100(3), 347-353.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.05.030] [PMID: 15837076]
[11]
Coats, A.J. Adult congenital heart disease in the International Journal of Cardiology. Int. J. Cardiol., 2003, 88(2-3), 125-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(03)00053-6] [PMID: 12714188]
[12]
Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Medicinal plants and the human needs. J. HerbMed.Plarmacol, 2012, 1(1), 1-2.
[13]
Behradmanesh, S.; Derees, F.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Effect of Salvia officinalis on diabetic patients. J. Renal Inj. Prev., 2013, 2(2), 51-54.
[PMID: 25340127]
[14]
Nasri, H.; Sahinfard, N.; Rafieian, M.; Rafieian, S.; Shirzad, M.; Rafieian-kopaei, M. Effects of Allium sativum on liver enzymes and atherosclerotic risk factors. J. HerbMed. Pharmacol., 2013, 2(2), 23-28.
[15]
Khosravi-Boroujeni, H.; Mohammadifard, N.; Sarrafzadegan, N.; Sajjadi, F.; Maghroun, M.; Khosravi, A.; Alikhasi, H.; Rafieian, M.; Azadbakht, L. Potato consumption and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Iranian population. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 2012, 63(8), 913-920.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2012.690024] [PMID: 22639829]
[16]
Heidarian, E.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Protective effect of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract against lead toxicity in rat. Pharm. Biol., 2013, 51(9), 1104-1109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2013.777931] [PMID: 23745593]
[17]
Sindambiwe, J.B.; Calomme, M.; Cos, P.; Totté, J.; Pieters, L.; Vlietinck, A.; Vanden Berghe, D. Screening of seven selected Rwandan medicinal plants for antimicrobial and antiviral activities. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1999, 65(1), 71-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00154-8] [PMID: 10350370]
[18]
WHO Traditional medicine strategy 2002-2005. 2002, Available from: https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/traditionalpolicy/en/
[19]
Goldbeck-Wood, S.; Darozynski, A.; Lie, L.G. Complementary medicine is booming worldwide. BMJ, 1996, 313(7050), 131-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.313.7050.131a] [PMID: 8688771]
[20]
Fontanarosa, P.B.; Lundberg, G.D. Alternative medicine meets science. JAMA, 1998, 280(18), 1618-1619.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.18.1618] [PMID: 9820267]
[21]
Zollman, C.; Vickers, A. Users and practitionesrs of complementary medicine. BMJ, 1999, 319, 836-838.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7213.836] [PMID: 10496832]
[22]
van der Watt, G.; Laugharne, J.; Janca, A. Complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of anxiety and depression. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry, 2008, 21(1), 37-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f2d814] [PMID: 18281839]
[23]
Tindle, H.A.; Davis, R.B.; Phillips, R.S.; Eisenberg, D.M. Trends in use of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults: 1997-2002. Altern. Ther. Health Med., 2005, 11(1), 42-49.
[PMID: 15712765]
[24]
Kennedy, J. Herb and supplement use in the US adult population. Clin. Ther., 2005, 27(11), 1847-1858.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.11.004] [PMID: 16368456]
[25]
Hayat, M.Q.; Khan, M.A.; Ahmad, M.; Shaheen, N.; Yasmin, G.H.; Akhter, S. Ethnotaxonomical approach in the identification of useful medicinal flora of Tehsil Pindigheb (District Attock). Pak. Ethnobot. Res. Appli., 2008, 6, 35-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/era.6.0.35-62]
[26]
Ibrar, M.; Hussain, F.; Sultan, A. Ethnobotanical studies on plant resources ranyal hills, district Shangla, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 2007, 39(2), 329-337.
[27]
Heidari Rikan, M.; Malekmoohamadi, L. Medicinal plants in Ghasemloo Valley of Uromieh. Iranian J Med Aromat Plants, 2007, 23(2), 234-250.
[28]
Banaei, M.H. Maps of moisture and temperature of Iran soil, Scale 1:250000. Soil and Water Research Institute Publications, Research Organization; Agricultural Extension and Education, 1992.
[29]
Ghahraman, A. Iran-colored flora; Botanical Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, 2002, Vol. 1-23, . Available from: https://floraofiran.net/
[30]
West Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority. Summary statistics for measuring evaporation Ghasemloo,
[31]
Asadi, M.; Masumi, A.S.; Khatamsaz, C.E.; Mozaffarian, M. 1998-2008. Iranian flora. Numbers 1 to 59; Press Releases Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, 2008, pp. 1-154.
[32]
Khatamsaz, M. Flora of Iran, No. 6, dark red flowers. Publications; Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands: Tehran, 1992, p. 352.
[33]
Mozaffarian, V. Trees and shrubs of Iran; Farhange Moaser, Tehran, Iran,, 2003.
[34]
Mirheydar, H. From 1993 to 1994. The use of medicinal plants in prevention and treatment of diseases; First edition, published by the Islamic Propagation Organization, 1994, 1-8, .
[35]
Reshinger, L.H. 1963-1998. Flora Iranica; Akademsched ruck-v verlagsanstalt, Graz, 1998, 1-173, pp. 23-33.
[36]
Davis, P.H. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey; Edinburgh. University Press: Edinburgh, 1998, 1-10, pp. 23-54.
[37]
Townsend, C.C.; Guest, E. 1966-1985. Flora ofbIraq; Ministry of Agricultuer and Agrarian Riform: Baghdad, 1985, Vol. 1-9, pp. 1-54.
[38]
Asgari, S.; Naderi, G.H.E.; Ghanadi, E.R.; Ghaderipour, M.; Golban, S. The effect of chamomile, yarrow and hawthorn increase red blood cell resistance and cell protection against thiol oxidizing materials. Faslnamah-i Giyahan-i Daruyi, 2003, 6.
[39]
British Herbal Medicine Association. British Herbal Pharmacopeia; London: Bournemouth, 1983.
[40]
Awale, S.; Lu, J. Kalauni, S.K.; Kurashima, Y.; Tezuka, Y.; Kadota, S.; Esumi, H. Identification of Arctigenin as an antitumor agent haiving the ability to eliminate the tolerance of cancer cells to nutrient srarvation. Cancer Res., 2006, 66(3), 1751-1757.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3143] [PMID: 16452235]
[41]
Kim, B.H.; Hong, S.S.; Kwon, S.W.; Lee, H.Y.; Sung, H.; Lee, I.J.; Hwang, B.Y.; Song, S.; Lee, C.K.; Chung, D.; Ahn, B.; Nam, S.Y.; Han, S.B.; Kim, Y. Diarctigenin, a lignan constituent from Arctium lappa, down-regulated zymosan-induced transcription of inflammatory genes through suppression of DNA binding ability of nuclear factor-kappaB in macrophages. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2008, 327(2), 393-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.108.140145] [PMID: 18694995]
[42]
Chao, M.; Zou, D.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Wang, M.; Wu, H.; Ning, G.; Wang, W. Improving insulin resistance with traditional Chinese medicine in type 2 diabetic patients. Endocrine, 2009, 36(2), 268-274.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-009-9222-y] [PMID: 19728183]
[43]
Kong, W.; Wei, J.; Abidi, P.; Lin, M.; Inaba, S.; Li, C.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Si, S.; Pan, H.; Wang, S.; Wu, J.; Wang, Y.; Li, Z.; Liu, J.; Jiang, J.D. Berberine is a novel cholesterol-lowering drug working through a unique mechanism distinct from statins. Nat. Med., 2004, 10(12), 1344-1351.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1135] [PMID: 15531889]
[44]
Shamsa, F.; Ahmadiani, A.; Khosrokhavar, R. Antihistaminic and anticholinergic activity of barberry fruit (Berberis vulgaris) in the guinea-pig ileum. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1999, 64(2), 161-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00122-6] [PMID: 10197751]
[45]
Asgary, S.; Sahebkar, A.; Afshani, M.; Keshvari, M.; Haghjooyjavanmard, Sh.; Rafieian-Kopae, M. Clinical evaluation of blood pressure lowering, endothelial function improving, hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate juice in hypertensive subjects. Phytother. Res., 2014, 28(2), 193-199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4977] [PMID: 23519910]
[46]
British Herbal Pharmacopoeia (BHP); British Herbal Medicine Association: Exter, UK, 1996.
[47]
Rahbar, A.R.; Nabipour, I. The hypolipidemic effect of Citrullus colocynthis on patients with hyperlipidemia. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 2010, 13(24), 1202-1207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2010.1202.1207] [PMID: 21313901]
[48]
Slavík, J.; Zácková, P.; Michlová, J.; Opletal, L.; Sovová, M. Phytotherapeutic aspects of diseases of the circulatory system. III. Cardiotonic and cardiotoxic effects of hyrcanoside and deglucohyrcanoside isolated from Coronilla varia L. Ceska Slov. Farm., 1994, 43(6), 298-302.
[PMID: 7812688]
[49]
Veveris, M.; Koch, E.; Chatterjee, S.S. Crataegus special extract WS 1442 improves cardiac function and reduces infarct size in a rat model of prolonged coronary ischemia and reperfusion. Life Sci., 2004, 74(15), 1945-1955.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.050] [PMID: 14761675]
[50]
Zhang, Z.; Chang, Q.; Zhu, M.; Huang, Y.; Ho, W.K.; Chen, Z. Characterization of antioxidants present in hawthorn fruits. J. Nutr. Biochem., 2001, 12(3), 144-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(00)00137-6] [PMID: 11257463]
[51]
Mohiti- Ardekani, J.; Akbarian, Z.; Nazarian, A. Effects of Cumin (cuminum cyminum l) oil on serum glucose and lipid levels of rats. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci., 2013, 19(3), 387-397.
[52]
Karakurt, S.; Semiz, A.; Celik, G.; Gencler-Ozkan, A.M.; Sen, A.; Adali, O. Epilobium hirsutum alters xenobiotic metabolizing CYP1A1, CYP2E1, NQO1 and GPx activities, mRNA and protein levels in rats. Pharm. Biol., 2013, 51(5), 650-658.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2012.762404] [PMID: 23527956]
[53]
Rojhan, M.S. Treated by Medicinal Plants, 3rd ed; ABA Cultural Center: Tehran, 2002, pp. 99-98.
[54]
Shafizadeh, F. Popular Medicinal Plants of Lorestan; Hayan Publication: Tehran, 2002, p. 128.
[55]
Mirheidar, H. Introduction of Herbal Medicine; Islamic Farhang publication, 1998, 1, pp. 240-1.
[56]
Mozaffarian, V. Culture Names Iranian Plants; Contemporary Culture, 1996, p. 238.
[57]
Andhrawala, Translated by Mazarezadeh E. Medicinal Plants Dayra knowledge, Tehran, spreads and communication, skin Sum, 2005, 232
[58]
Andrew, C. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants; , 1996.
[59]
Masoudi, S.; Rustaiyan, A.; Azar, P.A. Essential oil of Haplophyllum robustum Bge. From Iran. J. Essent. Oil Res., 2004, 16(6), 548-549.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698794]
[60]
Al-Yousuf, M.H.; Bashir, A.K.; Veres, K.; Dobos, A.; Nagy, G.; Mathe, I.; Blunden, G.; Vera, J.R. Essential oil of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) A. Juss. from United Arab Emirates. J. Essent. Oil Res., 2005, 17(5), 519-521.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2005.9698981]
[61]
Al-Burtamani, S.K.S.; Fatope, M.O.; Marwah, R.G.; Onifade, A.K.; Al-Saidi, S.H. Chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oil of Haplophyllum tuberculatum from Oman. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2005, 96(1-2), 107-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.039] [PMID: 15588657]
[62]
Fritz, R.; Fintelman, V. Herbal Medicine Revised and Expanded, 2nd ed; Thieme: New York, 2000, p. 1263.
[63]
Kritchevsky, D.; Tepper, S.A.; Czarnecki, S.K.; Klurfeld, D.M. Atherogenicity of animal and vegetable protein. Influence of the lysine to arginine ratio. Atherosclerosis, 1982, 41(2-3), 429-431.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(82)90208-8] [PMID: 6802145]
[64]
Baquar, S.R. Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Pakistan; Printas: Karachi, Pakistan, 1989.
[65]
Kim, J.A.; Sou, L.; Lee, K. Flaxseed (Linseed) Properties and Benefits; W.B Saunders Co: Philadelphia, 2000, pp. 168-179.
[66]
Boyer, J.; Liu, R.H. Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutr. J., 2004, 3, 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-3-5] [PMID: 15140261]
[67]
Kuhn, M.A.; Winston, D. Herbal Therapy and Supplements: A Scientific and Traditional Approach; Lippincott Co: Boston, 2000, pp. 85-88.
[68]
Sirtory, C.R.; Gianazza, E.; Manzoni, C. Role of isoflavone in cholesterol reducation by soy protein in the clinic. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1984, 65, 166-167.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.1.166]
[69]
Grigorescu, E.; Ciulei, I.; Stanescu, U. Phytotherapic Index Medicate; Harnischfeger and Stolze, 1986.
[70]
Qeini, M.; Roghani, M.; Alagha, A. The effect of nasturtium officinale feeding on serum glucose and lipid levels and reorganization of beta cells in diabetic rats. RJMS, 2010, 17(73), 53-61.
[71]
Zargari, A. Medicinal Plants, 6th ed vol.1; Tehran University, 2007, pp. 249-265.
[72]
Baser, K.H.C.; Ermin, N.; Adiguzel, N.; Aytac, Z. Composition of the essential oil of Prangos ferulacea. J. Essent. Oil Res., 1996, 8, 297-298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1996.9700617]
[73]
Zargham, H.; Zargham, R. Tannin extracted from Sumac inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell migration. McGill J. Med., 2008, 11(2), 119-123.
[PMID: 19148309]
[74]
Seerum, N.D.; Momin, R.A.; Nair, M.G.; Bourguin, L.D. Cyclooxygenas inhibitory and antioxidant cyaniding glycosides in cherries and berries. Phytomed, 2001, 8(5), 362-369.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00053]
[75]
Larsen, E.; Kharazmi, A.; Christensen, L.P.; Christensen, S.B. An antiinflammatory galactolipid from rose hip (Rosa canina) that inhibits chemotaxis of human peripheral blood neutrophils in vitro. J. Nat. Prod., 2003, 66(7), 994-995.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np0300636] [PMID: 12880322]
[76]
Fan, J.P.; Zhang, Z.L. Studies on the chemical constituents of Rumex crispus. Zhong Yao Cai, 2009, 32(12), 1836-1840.
[PMID: 20432897]
[77]
Han, S.T. Medicinal plants in the South Pacific.World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Publications. Western Pacific Series., 1998, 19, 254.
[78]
Sharafati-chaleshtori, R.; Sharafati-chaleshtori, F.; Sharafati-chaleshtori, A.; Ashrafi, K. Antimicrobial effects and evaluation of total phenols, flavonoids and flavonols contents of ethanolic extracts of Scrophularia striata. J. Shahrekord Uni. Med. Sci., 2010, 2(4), 32-37.
[79]
Hu, C.; Kitts, D.D. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) flower extract suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and prevents lipid oxidation in vitro. Phytomedicine, 2005, 12(8), 588-597.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.12.012] [PMID: 16121519]
[80]
British Herbal Pharmacopeia, 3rd ed.; London, British, British Herbal Medicine Association, 1989.
[81]
Zargari, A. Medicinal Plants, 4th ed; Tehran University Publications: Tehran, 1994, p. 680.
[82]
Sullivan, J.B., Jr; Rumack, B.H.; Thomas, H., Jr; Peterson, R.G.; Bryson, P. Pennyroyal oil poisoning and hepatotoxicity. JAMA, 1979, 242(26), 2873-2874.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1979.03300260043027] [PMID: 513258]
[83]
Amin Gh, R. Traditional medicinal plants. Research Deputy of Iran’s the Ministry of Health, 1991, 1, 28-27.
[84]
Haraguchi, H.; Saito, T.; Ishikawa, H.; Date, H.; Kataoka, S.; Tamura, Y.; Mizutani, K. Antiperoxidative components in Thymus vulgaris. Planta Med., 1996, 62(3), 217-221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957863] [PMID: 8693032]
[85]
Halliwell, B.; Guteridge, J.M.C. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 2nd edn; Clarendon press: London, 1989, p. 123.
[86]
Fatehi-Hassanabad, Z.; Jafarzadeh, M.; Tarhini, A.; Fatehi, M. The antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of aqueous extract from Berberis vulgaris fruit on hypertensive rats. Phytother. Res., 2005, 19(3), 222-225.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1661] [PMID: 15934023]
[87]
Cannon, J.G. Cytokines and eicosanoids. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th ed; Shils, M.E.; Shike, M.; Ross, A.C.; Caballero, B.; Cousins, R., Eds.; Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia, 2006, pp. 655-669.
[88]
Ebrahimi-Mamaghani, M.; Aref-Hosseini, S.R.; Ali-Asgarzadeh, A.; Golzarand, M. Effects of processed Berberis vulgaris in apple vinegar on inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. 289-296. J. Iranian Diabetes, 2007, 7(3), 289-296.
[89]
Aburjai, T.; Darwish, R.M.; Al-Khalil, S.; Mahafzah, A.; Al-Abbadi, A. Screening of antibiotic resistant inhibitors from local plant materials against two different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2001, 76(1), 39-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00206-9] [PMID: 11378279]
[90]
Karis, P.O.; Eldenas, P.; Kallersjo, M. New evidence for the systematic position of Gundelia L. Taxon, 2001, 50, 105-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1224514]
[91]
Yin, J.; Wennberg, R.P.; Miller, M. Induction of hepatic bilirubin and drug metabolizing enzymes by individual herbs present in the traditional Chinese medicine, yin zhi huang. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther., 1993, 20(3-4), 186-194.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000457561] [PMID: 7828452]
[92]
Fayazmoghaddam, K.; Reshadmanesh, N.; Kamali, Sh. Study of the effect of Manna Ash on the management of neonatal jaundice. Sci. J. Kurdistan Uni. Med. Sci., 1999, 4, 23-20.
[93]
Peschel, W.; Bohr, C.; Plescher, A. Variability of total flavonoids in Crataegus-factor evaluation for the monitored production of industrial starting material. Fitoterapia, 2008, 79(1), 6-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2007.06.010] [PMID: 17706370]
[94]
Machha, A.; Achike, F.I.; Mustafa, A.M.; Mustafa, M.R. Quercetin, a flavonoid antioxidant, modulates endothelium-derived nitric oxide bioavailability in diabetic rat aortas. Nitric Oxide, 2007, 16(4), 442-447.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2007.04.001] [PMID: 17513143]
[95]
Howard, M. Traditional Folk Remedies; Century Pub: London, 1987, pp. 159-160.
[96]
Zargari, A. Iranian Medicinal Plants, 6th ed; Tehran University Publications, 1989, Vol. 4, pp. 428-422.
[97]
Rahimi-Nasrabadi, M.; Gholivand, M.B.; Batooli, H. Chemical composition of the essential oil from leaves and flowering aerial parts of Haplophyllum robustum Bge. (Rutaceae). Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct., 2009, 4(4), 819-822.
[98]
Saglam, H.; Gozler, T.; Kivcak, B.; Demirci, B.; Baser, KHC. Volatile compounds from Haplophyllum myrtifolium. Chem. Nat. Comp., 2001, 75(5), 442-444.
[99]
Javidnia, K.; Miri, R.; Soltani, M.; Varamini, P. Volatile constituents of two species of Haplophyllum A. Juss. from Iran (H. lissonotum C. C. Town. and H. buxbaumii (Poir.) G. Don. subsp. mesopotamicum (Boiss.) C. C. Town.). J. Essent. Oil Res., 2009, 21(1), 46-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2009.9700106]
[100]
Hölzl, J.; Ostrowski, E. Analysis of the essential compounds of Hypericum perforatum. Planta Med., 1986, 6(6), 531-533.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969321] [PMID: 17345478]
[101]
Walker, L.; Sirvent, T.; Gibson, D.; Vance, N. Regional differences in hypericin and pseudohypericin concentrations and five morphological traits among Hypericum perforatum plants in the northwestern United States. Can. J. Bot., 1986, 79(10), 1248-1255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-103]
[102]
Kireeva, T.B.; Sharanov, V.L.; Letchamo, W. A comparative biochemical and eco- physiological study on hypericum spp. 1998. http://www.aaic.org/98 progrm3.htm
[103]
Umek, A.; Kreft, S.; Kartnig, T.; Heydel, B. Quantitative phytochemical analyses of six hypericum species growing in Slovenia. Planta Med., 1999, 65(4), 388-390.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960798] [PMID: 17260265]
[104]
Capali, G.; Crupi, A.; Firezuli, F.; Inferrera, G.; Squadri, F.; Parisi, A. Serotonin, norepinephrinne and dopamine involvement in the action of Hypericum perforatum. Phamacopsych, 2001, 34, 45-49.
[105]
Ozturk, B.; Apaydin, S.; Goldeli, E.; Ince, I.; Zeybek, U. Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra. Extract exhibits antiinflammatory activity in the rat. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2002, 80(2-3), 207-209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00044-2] [PMID: 12007713]
[106]
Wagner, H.; Baldt, S. Plant drug analysis; Springer: Berlin, 1996, p. 341.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00574-9_18]
[107]
Nahrstedt, A.; Butterweck, V. Biologically active and other chemical constituents of the herb of Hypericum perforatum L. Pharmacopsychiatry, 1997, 30(Suppl. 2), 129-134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979533] [PMID: 9342774]
[108]
Zargari, A. Medicinal Plants. vol 3. Tehran: Tehran University Publications;. p. 513- 514. 1996.
[109]
Giancarlo, S.; Rosa, L.M.; Nadjafi, F.; Francesco, M. Hypoglycaemic activity of two spices extracts: Rhus coriaria L. and Bunium persicum Boiss. Nat. Prod. Res., 2006, 20(9), 882-886.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786410500520186] [PMID: 16753927]
[110]
Khaki, A.; Fathiazad, F.; Nouri, M.; Khaki, A.A.; Khamenehi, H.J.; Hamadeh, M. Evaluation of androgenic activity of allium cepa on spermatogenesis in the rat. Folia Morphol. (Warsz), 2009, 68(1), 45-51.
[PMID: 19384830]
[111]
Zarban, A.; Malekaneh, M.; Hassanpour, M.; Najari, M.T.; Abad, M. Evaluation of antioxidant properties of 28 medicinal plants. J Birjand Univ Med Sci, 2004, 11(1), 3. Available from: http://www.bums.ac.ir/shares/journal/vol11_1/Latin18.pdf
[112]
Kharazmi, A.; Winther, K. Rose hip inhibits chemotaxis and chemiluminescence of human peripheral blood neutrophils in vitro and reduces certain inflammatory parameters in vivo. Inflammopharmacology, 1999, 7(4), 377-386.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10787-999-0031-y] [PMID: 17657440]
[113]
Deliorman Orhan, D.; Hartevioğlu, A.; Küpeli, E.; Yesilada, E. In vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of the crude extract and fractions from Rosa canina L. fruits. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2007, 112(2), 394-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.03.029] [PMID: 17482395]
[114]
Saeedi Aboeshaghi, K.A.; Omidbaigi, R. Study on quantitative and qualitative changes in fatty acids of dog rose (Rosa Canina L.) seeds collected from south-west of Iran. J. Hortic. Sci., 2009, 23, 11-17.
[115]
Nasri, H.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Medicinal plants and new concerns in statin consumption. Iran. J. Public Health, 2013, 42(9), 1071-1072.
[PMID: 26060670]
[116]
Tsuchiya, H.; Sato, M.; Miyazaki, T.; Fujiwara, S.; Tanigaki, S.; Ohyama, M.; Tanaka, T.; Iinuma, M. Comparative study on the antibacterial activity of phytochemical flavanones against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1996, 50(1), 27-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(96)85514-0] [PMID: 8778504]
[117]
Chitsaz, M.; Pargara, A.; Naseri, M.; Kamalinejad, M.; Bazargan, M.; Mansouri, S.; Ansari, F. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial effects of extracts and essential oils of Thyme narrow (Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam.) on the selected bacteria. Med. J., 2007, 14(68), 23-15.
[118]
El Bardai, S.; Lyoussi, B.; Wibo, M.; Morel, N. Comparative study of the antihypertensive activity of Marrubium vulgare and of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist amlodipine in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Clin. Exp. Hypertens., 2004, 26(6), 465-474.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CEH-200031818] [PMID: 15554450]
[119]
El Bardai, S.; Lyoussi, B.; Wibo, M.; Morel, N. Pharmacological evidence of hypotensive activity of Marrubium vulgare and Foeniculum vulgare in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Clin. Exp. Hypertens., 2001, 23(4), 329-343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CEH-100102671] [PMID: 11349824]
[120]
Herrera-Arellano, A.; Aguilar-Santamaría, L.; García-Hernández, B.; Nicasio-Torres, P.; Tortoriello, J. Clinical trial of Cecropia obtusifolia and Marrubium vulgare leaf extracts on blood glucose and serum lipids in type 2 diabetics. Phytomedicine, 2004, 11(7-8), 561-566.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2004.01.006] [PMID: 15636168]
[121]
Moayeri, A.; Azimi, M.; Karimi, E.; Aidy, A.; Abbasi, N. Attenuation of morphine withdrawal syndrome by prosopis farcta extract and its bioactive component luteolin in comparison with clonidine in rats. Med. Sci. Monit. Basic Res., 2018, 24(9), 151-158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSMBR.909930] [PMID: 30297685]
[122]
Bahmani, M.; Taherikalani, M.; Khaksarian, M.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M.; Ashrafi, B.; Nazer, M.; Soroush, S.; Abbasi, N.; Rashidipour, M. The synergistic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Origanum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum and their active components carvacrol and hypericin against Staphylococcus aureus. Future Sci. OA, 2019, 5(3)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fsoa-2018-0096] [PMID: 30906567]
[123]
Abbasi, N.; Khosravi, A.; Aidy, A.; Shafiei, M. Biphasic response to luteolin in MG-63 osteoblast-like cells under high glucose-induced oxidative stress. Iran. J. Med. Sci., 2016, 41(2), 118-125.
[PMID: 26989282]
[124]
Salimikia, I.; Bahmani, M.; Abbaszadeh, S.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M.; Nazer, M.R. Campylobacter: A review of new promising remedies with medicinal plants and natural antioxidants. Mini Rev. Med. Chem., 2020, 20(15), 1462-1474.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557520666200117141641] [PMID: 31965943]
[125]
Zangeneh, M.M.; Ghaneialvar, H.; Akbaribazm, M.; Ghanimatdan, M.; Abbasi, N.; Goorani, S.; Pirabbasi, E.; Zangeneh, A. Novel synthesis of Falcaria vulgaris leaf extract conjugated copper nanoparticles with potent cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, and cutaneous wound healing activities under in vitro and in vivo condition. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 2019, 197
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111556] [PMID: 31326842]
[126]
Mahdavi, B.; Saneei, S.; Qorbani, M.; Zhaleh, M.; Zangeneh, A.; Zangeneh, M.M.; Pirabbasi, E.; Abbasi, N.; Ghaneialvar, H. Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaves aqueous extract mediated synthesis of zinc nanoparticles and their antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and cutaneous wound healing properties under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Appl. Organomet. Chem., 2019, 33(11)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.5164]
[127]
Valadi, A.; Nasri, S.; Abbasi, N.; Amin, G.R. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroalchoholic extract of Anethum graveolens L. seed. Faslnamah-i Giyahan-i Daruyi, 2010, 9(34), 124-130.
[128]
Oloyede, A.M.; Ottu, B.; Ogunsanwo, K.; Bolarinwa, K.; Makinde, K. Evaluating the genotoxic and proximate analysis of ethanolic extract of lecaniodiscus cupanioides. Plant Biotechnol Persa, 2020, 2(2), 14-20.
[129]
Magbool, F. Formulation design, development and evaluation of quercus infectoria galls extract oral gels. Plant Biotechnol Persa, 2020, 2(2), 1-13.
[130]
Eftekhari, Z. Antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants; The new therapeutic aspect of Valeriana officinalis. Plant Biotechnol Persa, 2020, 2(1), 59-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/pbp.2.1.59]
[131]
Bahmani, M.; Mozaffari Nejad, A.S.; Shah, N.A.; Shah, S.A.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M.; Mahmoodnia, L. Survey on ethnobotanical uses of anti-cancer herbs in southern region of Ilam, west Iran. J. Biolog. Res., 90(1), 5939.
[132]
Abassi, N.; Ghaneialvar, H.; Shahsavari, S. Natural remedies effective on stomachache in traditional medicine. Plant Biotechnol Persa, 2020, 2(1), 42-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/pbp.2.1.42]